{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1793111236486,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007835","name":"Wenzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0007\/2020\/AFJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0007\/2020\/AFJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006469","name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0070\/2020\/A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0070\/2020\/A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T05:40:15Z","timestamp":1764308415000},"page":"354-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Predicting healthspan and disease risks through biological age"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Gen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Io Nam","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101050","article-title":"Biohorology and biomarkers of aging: current state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities","volume":"60","author":"Galkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14377","article-title":"Contextualizing aging clocks and properly describing biological age","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-023-00110-8","article-title":"Biomarkers selection and mathematical modeling in biological age estimation","volume":"9","author":"Bafei","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2024.1487260","article-title":"Critical review of aging clocks and factors that may influence the pace of aging","volume":"5","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00044-4","article-title":"Disparities in the pace of biological aging among midlife adults of the same chronological age have implications for future frailty risk and policy","volume":"1","author":"Elliott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.052","article-title":"In vivo amelioration of age-associated hallmarks by partial reprogramming","volume":"167","author":"Ocampo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01211-8","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of aging: implications for interventions of aging and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12137","article-title":"Akt regulates TPP1 homodimerization and telomere protection","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","article-title":"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101414","article-title":"An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101684","article-title":"DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73420","article-title":"DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging","volume":"11","author":"Belsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100394","article-title":"The pediatric buccal epigenetic clock identifies significant ageing acceleration in children with internalizing disorder and maltreatment exposure","volume":"15","author":"Dammering","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01094-3","article-title":"CheekAge: a next-generation buccal epigenetic aging clock associated with lifestyle and health","volume":"46","author":"Shokhirev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03164-7","article-title":"Proteomic aging clock predicts mortality and risk of common age-related diseases in diverse populations","volume":"30","author":"Argentieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06802-1","article-title":"Organ aging signatures in the plasma proteome track health and disease","volume":"624","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1125967","article-title":"Tissue-specific DNA methylation variability and its potential clinical value","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1053-6","article-title":"Age-related accrual of methylomic variability is linked to fundamental ageing mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Slieker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00619-x","article-title":"Aging clocks based on accumulating stochastic variation","volume":"4","author":"Meyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.005","article-title":"Plasma protein-based organ-specific aging and mortality models unveil diseases as accelerated aging of organismal systems","volume":"37","author":"Goeminne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2025.01.006","article-title":"Proteomic organ-specific ageing signatures and 20-year risk of age-related diseases: the Whitehall II observational cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Kivimaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0110","article-title":"A novel metabolomic aging clock predicting health outcomes and its genetic and modifiable factors","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.87303","article-title":"Global metabolomics revealed deviations from the metabolic aging clock in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp3743","article-title":"Metabolomic age (MileAge) predicts health and life span: a comparison of multiple machine learning algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Mutz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02123-5","article-title":"A new cognitive clock matching phenotypic and epigenetic ages","volume":"12","author":"Krivonosov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12351","article-title":"The \"cognitive clock\": a novel indicator of brain health","volume":"17","author":"Boyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9385-y","article-title":"Inflammation, depression and dementia: are they connected?","volume":"32","author":"Leonard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6251-09.2010","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with age-related decline in hippocampal volume","volume":"30","author":"Erickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.11.1166","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans","volume":"61","author":"Colcombe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/6368","article-title":"Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"2","author":"van Praag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3366","article-title":"Potential therapeutic uses of BDNF in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Nagahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13415","article-title":"Exercise reduces circulating biomarkers of cellular senescence in humans","volume":"20","author":"Englund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.008","article-title":"Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1alpha\/FNDC5 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wrann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103275","article-title":"An exercise \"sweet spot\" reverses cognitive deficits of aging by growth-hormone-induced neurogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Blackmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8821","article-title":"Combined adult neurogenesis and BDNF mimic exercise effects on cognition in an Alzheimer's mouse model","volume":"361","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002718","article-title":"A new aging measure captures morbidity and mortality risk across diverse subpopulations from NHANES IV: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2023.06.010","article-title":"Determining a multimodal aging clock in a cohort of Chinese women","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.24321","article-title":"Association between phenotypic age and the risk of mortality in patients with heart failure: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.019","article-title":"Methylome-wide analysis of chronic HIV infection reveals five-year increase in biological age and epigenetic targeting of HLA","volume":"62","author":"Gross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03720-1","article-title":"Association of Phenotypic Aging Marker with comorbidities, frailty and inflammatory markers in people living with HIV","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00107","article-title":"When aging reaches CD4+ T-cells: phenotypic and functional changes","volume":"4","author":"Moro-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1258183","article-title":"Development of an epigenetic clock to predict visual age progression of human skin","volume":"4","author":"Bienkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112727","article-title":"Alterations in DNA methylation in orofacial clefts","volume":"23","author":"Charoenvicha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0225","article-title":"Concepts and applications of digital twins in healthcare and medicine","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01502-8","article-title":"Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00082-y","article-title":"An inflammatory aging clock (iAge) based on deep learning tracks multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging","volume":"1","author":"Sayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29792-6","article-title":"DNA methylation signature of chronic low-grade inflammation and its role in cardio-respiratory diseases","volume":"13","author":"Wielscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-0845-y","article-title":"Automated syndrome diagnosis by three-dimensional facial imaging","volume":"22","author":"Hallgr\u00edmsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.02.013","article-title":"Chronic glucocorticoid hypersecretion in Cushing\u2019s syndrome exacerbates cognitive aging","volume":"71","author":"Michaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endoen.2012.10.006","article-title":"Telomeres, aging and Cushing's syndrome: are they related?","volume":"60","author":"Aulinas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr. (English Edition)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0098","article-title":"Telomere length analysis in Cushing's syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Aulinas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101629","article-title":"PhotoAgeClock: deep learning algorithms for development of non-invasive visual biomarkers of aging","volume":"10","author":"Bobrov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.36","article-title":"Three-dimensional human facial morphologies as robust aging markers","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0275","article-title":"Accurate estimation of biological age and its application in disease prediction using a multimodal image Transformer system","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018350","article-title":"Gender- and age-dependent tongue features in a community-based population","volume":"98","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00270-x","article-title":"Three-dimensional facial-image analysis to predict heterogeneity of the human ageing rate and the impact of lifestyle","volume":"2","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23878","article-title":"Facial aging trajectories: a common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause","volume":"169","author":"Windhager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01218-1","article-title":"The age-related eye disease study system for classifying age-related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the age-related eye disease study report number 6","volume":"132","author":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319807","article-title":"Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker for mortality risk","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac062","article-title":"Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker of future risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01345-x","article-title":"Central obesity and its association with retinal age gap: insights from the UK Biobank study","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.170","article-title":"Understanding the role of gut microbiome in metabolic disease risk","volume":"77","author":"Sanz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3610","article-title":"The microbiome and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Schwabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13601-y","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Vogt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00605-x","article-title":"The gut microbiome as a modulator of healthy ageing","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-021-00126-8","article-title":"The aging gut microbiome and its impact on host immunity","volume":"22","author":"Bosco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101199","article-title":"Human gut microbiome aging clock based on taxonomic profiling and deep learning","volume":"23","author":"Galkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102144","article-title":"eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in aging clock models","volume":"93","author":"Kalyakulina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00189-7","article-title":"ExplaiNAble BioLogical Age (ENABL Age): an artificial intelligence framework for interpretable biological age","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00557-0","article-title":"Causality-enriched epigenetic age uncouples damage and adaptation","volume":"4","author":"Ying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009938","article-title":"Novel feature selection methods for construction of accurate epigenetic clocks","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-022-00085-y","article-title":"A pan-tissue DNA-methylation epigenetic clock based on deep learning","volume":"8","author":"d.L.C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00248-2","article-title":"A computational solution for bolstering reliability of epigenetic clocks: implications for clinical trials and longitudinal tracking","volume":"2","author":"Higgins-Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00646-8","article-title":"Principal component-based clinical aging clocks identify signatures of healthy aging and targets for clinical intervention","volume":"4","author":"Fong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03418.x","article-title":"Ageing appearance in China: biophysical profile of facial skin and its relationship to perceived age","volume":"24","author":"Mayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2021.697254","article-title":"Adapting blood DNA methylation aging clocks for use in saliva samples with cell-type deconvolution","volume":"2","author":"Galkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102871","article-title":"From clock to clock: therapeutic target discovery for aging and age-related diseases","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0395","first-page":"1911","article-title":"Age-related diseases as a testbed for anti-aging therapeutics: the case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Zhavoronkov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0400","article-title":"Making biological ageing clocks personal","author":"Pusparum","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14283","article-title":"Epistemic uncertainty challenges aging clock reliability in predicting rejuvenation effects","volume":"23","author":"Kriukov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","article-title":"Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"4","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.01.008","article-title":"Aging-related inflammation in osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Greene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.07.026","article-title":"Mitochondrial redox system, dynamics, and dysfunction in lung inflammaging and COPD","volume":"81","author":"Lerner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206084","article-title":"Accelerated ageing of the lung in COPD: new concepts","volume":"70","author":"Mercado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104514","article-title":"Multi-modal profiling of peripheral blood cells across the human lifespan reveals distinct immune cell signatures of aging and longevity","volume":"90","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07206","article-title":"The role of exercise and PGC1\u03b1 in inflammation and chronic disease","volume":"454","author":"Handschin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237207","article-title":"Gut microbiota ecology: biodiversity estimated from hybrid neutral-niche model increases with health status and aging","volume":"15","author":"Sala","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2025016","article-title":"Human gut microbiome aging clocks based on taxonomic and functional signatures through multi-view learning","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01659-y","article-title":"The gut metabolite 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid rejuvenates spermatogenic dysfunction in aged mice through GPX4-mediated ferroptosis","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017514","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation from young mice rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells by suppressing inflammation","volume":"141","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.01.001","article-title":"Lifelong calorie restriction affects indicators of colonic health in aging C57Bl\/6J mice","volume":"56","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-019-09830-5","article-title":"Short-term dietary restriction in old mice rejuvenates the aging-induced structural imbalance of gut microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108538","article-title":"An accurate aging clock developed from large-scale gut microbiome and human gene expression data","volume":"27","author":"Gopu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1131506","article-title":"Body temperature regulation in diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Kenny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Temperature (Austin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.05.012","article-title":"Thermal facial image analyses reveal quantitative hallmarks of aging and metabolic diseases","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2023-100942","article-title":"Prediction of coronary artery disease based on facial temperature information captured by non-contact infrared thermography","volume":"31","author":"Kung","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/17501911.2024.2373682","article-title":"Generations of epigenetic clocks and their links to socioeconomic status in the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"16","author":"Crimmins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epigenomics"}],"container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491425002576?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491425002576?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:51:50Z","timestamp":1775695910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471491425002576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471491425002576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4914","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Predicting healthspan and disease risks through biological age","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Molecular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}