{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:18:42Z","timestamp":1790705922621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01DK119130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01DK119130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK103884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK103884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK119169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK119169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"K\u00f8benhavns Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT2015-3330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT2015-3330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT2016-1084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT2016-1084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT2017-0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT2017-0602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT2017-3196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT2017-3196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T13:48:40Z","timestamp":1587736120000},"page":"101004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metabolic insights from a GHSR-A203E mutant mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6013-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lola J.","family":"Torz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherri","family":"Osborne-Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Paula","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio Rom\u00e1n","family":"Mustaf\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten A.","family":"Hedegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Nybo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina Mart\u00ednez","family":"Damonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan P.","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharath K.","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesica","family":"Raingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Perello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Zigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/45230","article-title":"Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach","volume":"402","author":"Kojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.001","article-title":"Ghrelin as a survival hormone","volume":"28","author":"Mani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.03.005","article-title":"Ghrelin","volume":"4","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.01.010","article-title":"Constitutive ghrelin receptor activity as a signaling set-point in appetite regulation","volume":"25","author":"Holst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040859","article-title":"Clarifying the ghrelin system's ability to regulate feeding behaviours despite enigmatic spatial separation of the GHSR and its endogenous ligand","volume":"18","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1211-9","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of ghrelin to induce weight loss: successes and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Schalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Diabetes Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00087","article-title":"GHS-R1a constitutive activity and its physiological relevance","volume":"7","author":"Mear","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0069","article-title":"High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor--identification of a potent inverse agonist","volume":"17","author":"Holst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.123141","article-title":"Four missense mutations in the ghrelin receptor result in distinct pharmacological abnormalities","volume":"322","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201511383","article-title":"Constitutive and ghrelin-dependent GHSR1a activation impairs CaV2.1 and CaV2.2 currents in hypothalamic neurons","volume":"146","author":"Lopez Soto","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of General Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.207886","article-title":"Constitutive activity of the Ghrelin receptor reduces surface expression of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels in a CaVbeta-dependent manner","volume":"130","author":"Mustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800655R","article-title":"Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists","volume":"33","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53806","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407676200","article-title":"Common structural basis for constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor family","volume":"279","author":"Holst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33488","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.383240","article-title":"Modulation of constitutive activity and signaling bias of the ghrelin receptor by conformational constraint in the second extracellular loop","volume":"287","author":"Mokrosinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1638","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo characterization of high Basal signaling from the ghrelin receptor","volume":"150","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2177","article-title":"Intrarenal ghrelin receptor antagonism prevents high-fat diet-induced hypertension in male rats","volume":"155","author":"Kemp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03101","article-title":"Evidence supporting a role for constitutive ghrelin receptor signaling in fasting-induced hyperphagia in male mice","volume":"159","author":"Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12785","article-title":"Growth hormone secretagogue receptor signalling affects high-fat intake independently of plasma levels of ghrelin and LEAP2, in a 4-day binge eating model","volume":"31","author":"Cornejo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13020","article-title":"Ghrelin receptor inverse agonists as a novel therapeutic approach against obesity-related metabolic disease","volume":"19","author":"Abegg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13127","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PF-05190457: the first oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist to be profiled in healthy subjects","volume":"83","author":"Denney","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27999","article-title":"Ghrelin receptor mutations--too little height and too much hunger","volume":"116","author":"Holst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.08.088","article-title":"Signal transduction mechanism of the seabream growth hormone secretagogue receptor","volume":"577","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib23","first-page":"E10255","article-title":"Translating biased signaling in the ghrelin receptor system into differential in\u00a0vivo functions","volume":"115","author":"Mende","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.10.016","article-title":"LEAP2 is an endogenous antagonist of the ghrelin receptor","volume":"27","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01644","article-title":"N-terminal liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) region exhibits inverse agonist activity toward the ghrelin receptor","volume":"62","author":"M'Kadmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125332","article-title":"LEAP2 changes with body mass and food intake in humans and mice","volume":"129","author":"Mani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110573","article-title":"Development of a novel fluorescent ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor based on the N-Terminal Leap2 region","volume":"498","author":"Barrile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25303","article-title":"Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature","volume":"116","author":"Pantel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031395","article-title":"Ghrelin receptor gene: identification of several sequence variants in extremely obese children and adolescents, healthy normal-weight and underweight students, and children with short normal stature","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E373","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1570","article-title":"Identification and functional analysis of novel human growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) gene mutations in Japanese subjects with short stature","volume":"96","author":"Inoue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20845","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.173237","article-title":"Unique interaction pattern for a functionally biased ghrelin receptor agonist","volume":"286","author":"Sivertsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0303402101","article-title":"Cumulative inactivation of N-type CaV2.2 calcium channels modified by alternative splicing","volume":"101","author":"Thaler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26002","article-title":"Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity","volume":"115","author":"Zigman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(06)00059-5","article-title":"Zp3-cre, a transgenic mouse line for the activation or inactivation of loxP-flanked target genes specifically in the female germ line","volume":"7","author":"Lewandoski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5415","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276256","article-title":"Growth hormone secretagogue receptor constitutive activity impairs voltage-gated calcium channel-dependent inhibitory neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons","volume":"596","author":"Martinez Damonte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1848","article-title":"Alternative splicing controls G protein-dependent inhibition of N-type calcium channels in nociceptors","volume":"10","author":"Raingo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3249-08.2009","article-title":"Neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide excite arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y neurons in a novel transgenic mouse expressing strong Renilla green fluorescent protein in NPY neurons","volume":"29","author":"van den Pol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.06.002","article-title":"Xbp1s in Pomc neurons connects ER stress with energy balance and glucose homeostasis","volume":"20","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.08.011","article-title":"Cellular and synaptic reorganization of arcuate NPY\/AgRP and POMC neurons after exercise","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305930101","article-title":"Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor","volume":"101","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001542","article-title":"PICK1 deficiency impairs secretory vesicle biogenesis and leads to growth retardation and decreased glucose tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Holst","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86270","article-title":"beta1-Adrenergic receptor deficiency in ghrelin-expressing cells causes hypoglycemia in susceptible individuals","volume":"126","author":"Mani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00063-1","article-title":"The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis","volume":"37","author":"Cowley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20823","article-title":"Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain","volume":"494","author":"Zigman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00061","article-title":"PI3K is integral for the acute activity of leptin and insulin in arcuate NPY\/AgRP neurons in males","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Endocrine Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib46","author":"Purves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib47","series-title":"Principles of neural science","first-page":"1709","author":"Kandel","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7467","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002271107","article-title":"Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is essential for growth hormone-mediated survival of calorie-restricted mice","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib49","article-title":"Profound hypoglycemia in starved, ghrelin-deficient mice is caused by decreased gluconeogenesis and reversed by lactate or fatty acids","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.04.007","article-title":"Induced ablation of ghrelin cells in adult mice does not decrease food intake, body weight, or response to high-fat diet","volume":"20","author":"McFarlane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423643112","article-title":"Reduced autophagy in livers of fasted, fat-depleted, ghrelin-deficient mice: reversal by growth hormone","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901867116","article-title":"Growth hormone acts on liver to stimulate autophagy, support glucose production, and\u00a0preserve blood glucose in chronically starved mice","volume":"116","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of\u00a0the\u00a0National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.10.001","article-title":"Arcuate AgRP neurons mediate orexigenic and glucoregulatory actions of ghrelin","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00747-6","article-title":"MRAP2 regulates ghrelin receptor signaling and hunger sensing","volume":"8","author":"Srisai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aax4569","article-title":"The GPCR accessory protein MRAP2 regulates both biased signaling and constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a","volume":"13","author":"Rouault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Signaling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.038","article-title":"Apo-ghrelin receptor forms heteromers with DRD2 in hypothalamic neurons and is essential for anorexigenic effects of DRD2 agonism","volume":"73","author":"Kern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39623","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.287607","article-title":"Mutually opposite signal modulation by hypothalamic heterodimerization of ghrelin and melanocortin-3 receptors","volume":"286","author":"Rediger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.382473","article-title":"Promiscuous dimerization of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) attenuates ghrelin-mediated signaling","volume":"288","author":"Schellekens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.07.002","article-title":"Ghrelin signaling in the ventral hippocampus stimulates learned and motivational aspects of feeding via PI3K-Akt signaling","volume":"73","author":"Kanoski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29867","article-title":"Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite","volume":"116","author":"Abizaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.04.068","article-title":"Caudal brainstem delivery of ghrelin induces fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract, but not in the arcuate or paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus","volume":"1218","author":"Faulconbridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57660","article-title":"Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food-reward behavior in mice","volume":"121","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"}],"container-title":["Molecular Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212877820300788?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212877820300788?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:23:13Z","timestamp":1761956593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212877820300788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S2212877820300788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-8778"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-8778","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metabolic insights from a GHSR-A203E mutant mouse model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101004"}}