{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:33:30Z","timestamp":1792661610128,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T12:19:43Z","timestamp":1612527583000},"page":"101178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Therapeutic potential of mitochondrial uncouplers for the treatment of metabolic associated fatty liver disease and NASH"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Goedeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald I.","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9793","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.039","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States","volume":"148","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0145-7","article-title":"From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges","volume":"16","author":"Anstee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13264","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ballestri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.019","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in United States veterans is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000981","article-title":"From NAFLD to MAFLD: a \"redefining\" moment for fatty liver disease","volume":"133","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib9","article-title":"Reply to: correspondence regarding \"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement\": bringing evidence to the NAFLD-MAFLD debate","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01701","article-title":"The race to bash NASH: emerging targets and drug development in a complex liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Romero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4152-z","article-title":"Editors' introduction to the NAFLD and NASH special issue","volume":"61","author":"Fuchs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27368","article-title":"Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up","volume":"61","author":"Ekstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa017","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and potential genetic implications","volume":"161","author":"Sangwung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.017","article-title":"Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and missing links","volume":"148","author":"Samuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.04.004","article-title":"Roles of diacylglycerols and ceramides in hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"38","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.001","article-title":"A membrane-bound diacylglycerol species induces PKC-mediated hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86013","article-title":"Insulin receptor Thr1160 phosphorylation mediates lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"126","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.04.005","article-title":"Role of ceramides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Pagadala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2107","article-title":"The importance of caloric restriction in the early improvements in insulin sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery","volume":"33","author":"Isbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-1060-y","article-title":"Improvement in peripheral glucose uptake after gastric bypass surgery is observed only after substantial weight loss has occurred and correlates with the magnitude of weight lost","volume":"14","author":"Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2851","article-title":"Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"93","author":"Laferrere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.134","article-title":"Comparison of glucostatic parameters after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery and equivalent weight loss","volume":"19","author":"Plum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-917","article-title":"Glycemic effects of intensive caloric restriction and isocaloric refeeding in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"61","author":"Henry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2204-7","article-title":"Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol","volume":"54","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1762","article-title":"Very low-calorie diet mimics the early beneficial effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell Function in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"62","author":"Jackness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.603","article-title":"Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1959.00270010085011","article-title":"The results of treatment for obesity: a review of the literature and report of a series","volume":"103","author":"Stunkard","year":"1959","journal-title":"AMA Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.222S","article-title":"Long-term weight loss maintenance","volume":"82","author":"Wing","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801075","article-title":"The prevalence of weight loss maintenance among American adults","volume":"23","author":"McGuire","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.94","article-title":"Long-term weight loss maintenance in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Kraschnewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)04548-3","article-title":"Effects of moderate doses of dinitrophenol on the energy exchange and nitrogen metabolism of patients under conditions of restricted dietary","volume":"55","author":"Tainter","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1933.02740440032009","article-title":"Use of dinitrophenol in obesity and related conditions","volume":"101","author":"Tainter","year":"1933","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01874175","article-title":"Dinitrophenol and bioenergetics: an historical perspective","volume":"5","author":"Parascandola","year":"1974","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104727","article-title":"Emerging pharmacological targets for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Goedeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9087213","article-title":"Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"87","author":"Terada","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"5072","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/213137a0","article-title":"Chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"213","author":"Mitchell","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2869-1_1","article-title":"The oxidative phosphorylation system in mammalian mitochondria","volume":"942","author":"Papa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biophys.30.1.23","article-title":"Structures and proton-pumping strategies of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes","volume":"30","author":"Schultz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57455-X","article-title":"Reversible inhibition of the coupling between phosphorylation and oxidation","volume":"173","author":"Loomis","year":"1948","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"5185","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/2211016a0","article-title":"Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"221","author":"Weinbach","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C692","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.276.3.C692","article-title":"Contribution of mitochondrial proton leak to respiration rate in working skeletal muscle and liver and to SMR","volume":"276","author":"Rolfe","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00046.2010","article-title":"The regulation and physiology of mitochondrial proton leak","volume":"26","author":"Divakaruni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080795","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupling: a key controller of biological processes in physiology and diseases","volume":"8","author":"Demine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00436a037","article-title":"Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation: different effects of lipophilic weak acids and electrogenic ionophores on the kinetics of ATP synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Matsuno-Yagi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(62)90337-2","article-title":"Lipid solubility as a factor influencing the activity of uncoupling phenols","volume":"63","author":"Hemker","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2820","article-title":"Sensors and regulators of intracellular pH","volume":"11","author":"Casey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001412","article-title":"Uncoupling proteins: their roles in adaptive thermogenesis and substrate metabolism reconsidered","volume":"86","author":"Dulloo","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.007363","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in the therapeutic activation of human energy expenditure and thermogenesis to manage obesity","volume":"295","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2007.S130","article-title":"The biology of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins","volume":"53","author":"Rousset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.10.004","article-title":"Reversal of hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver disease, and insulin resistance by a liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupler","volume":"18","author":"Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0162-6","article-title":"2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP): a weight loss agent with significant acute toxicity and risk of death","volume":"7","author":"Grundlingh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(00)00243-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial proton leak and the uncoupling protein 1 homologues","volume":"1504","author":"Stuart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01440","article-title":"[1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,6-diamine derivatives as mitochondrial uncouplers for the potential treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"63","author":"Childress","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18607-1","article-title":"MFSD7C switches mitochondrial ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in response to heme","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.819ba.x","article-title":"Effects of mitochondrial uncouplers on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane potential in rat carotid body type I cells","volume":"513","author":"Buckler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019476","article-title":"Effect of external cation concentration and metabolic inhibitors on membrane potential of human glial cells","volume":"460","author":"Brismar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b01182","article-title":"Small molecule mitochondrial uncouplers and their therapeutic potential","volume":"61","author":"Childress","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.03.006","article-title":"Dinitrophenol and obesity: an early twentieth-century regulatory dilemma","volume":"48","author":"Colman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000137108","article-title":"On the hyperthermia induced by 2,4-dinitrophenol","volume":"17","author":"Bianchetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib60","first-page":"251","article-title":"Sudden death from dinitrophenol poisoning","volume":"46","author":"Poole","year":"1934","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-015-0034-1","article-title":"Russian roulette with unlicensed fat-burner drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP): evidence from a multidisciplinary study of the internet, bodybuilding supplements and DNP users","volume":"10","author":"Petroczi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32345","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313478200","article-title":"Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"279","author":"Samuel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2008.00407.x","article-title":"Mild mitochondrial uncoupling in mice affects energy metabolism, redox balance and longevity","volume":"7","author":"Caldeira da Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19341","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.568204","article-title":"The chemical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) protects against diet-induced obesity and improves energy homeostasis in mice at thermoneutrality","volume":"289","author":"Goldgof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.240","article-title":"Phenotyping small animals as models for the human metabolic syndrome: thermoneutrality matters","volume":"34","author":"Overton","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"6227","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa0672","article-title":"Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore reverses diabetes and steatohepatitis in rats","volume":"347","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"512","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay0284","article-title":"Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) reverses dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in dysmetabolic nonhuman primates","volume":"11","author":"Goedeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.072","article-title":"Sustained-release mitochondrial protonophore reverses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats","volume":"530","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2006.08.010","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease 2005--the global picture","volume":"45","author":"Callow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vascular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hco.0000231406.84554.96","article-title":"The obesity epidemic and its cardiovascular consequences","volume":"21","author":"Behn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cardiology"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.19.2570","article-title":"Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"287","author":"Beckman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-015-0607-7","article-title":"Predicting cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: the heterogeneity challenges","volume":"17","author":"Gore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Cardiology Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390404","article-title":"Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction","volume":"339","author":"Haffner","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib74","first-page":"978","article-title":"Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib75","series-title":"ADA 80th scientific sessions. Diabetes, virtual meeting","article-title":"Liver-Targeted mitochondrial uncoupling by CRMP improves whole-body insulin sensitivity and attenuates athersclerosis in a LDLR-\/- mouse model of metabolic syndrome","author":"Goedeke","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00414-3","article-title":"Lipodystrophies","volume":"108","author":"Garg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Americas Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.007","article-title":"The liver diseases of lipodystrophy: the long-term effect of leptin treatment","volume":"59","author":"Safar Zadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700001R","article-title":"A controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore reverses hypertriglyceridemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and diabetes in lipodystrophic mice","volume":"31","author":"Abulizi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA119000586","article-title":"Membrane bound diacylglycerols explain the dissociation of hepatic insulin resistance from steatosis in MTTP(-\/-) mice","author":"Abulizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib80","first-page":"651","article-title":"Mipomersen and other therapies for the treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vascular Health and Risk Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7180632","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7180632","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupler prodrug of 2,4-dinitrophenol, MP201, prevents neuronal damage and preserves vision in experimental optic neuritis","volume":"2017","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.11.3313","article-title":"Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria by general anesthetics","volume":"80","author":"Rottenberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80554-9","article-title":"Uncoupling effects of local anesthetics on rat liver mitochondria","volume":"226","author":"Dabadie","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib84","first-page":"147","article-title":"Mechanisms of anthelmintic action","volume":"19","author":"Sheth","year":"1975","journal-title":"Progress In Drug Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the tolerance of 5,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide ethanolamine salt","volume":"13","author":"Hecht","year":"1962","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fuer Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-017-0424-7","article-title":"Niclosamide piperazine prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetic symptoms in mice","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3699","article-title":"Niclosamide ethanolamine-induced mild mitochondrial uncoupling improves diabetic symptoms in mice","volume":"20","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40159","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40159","article-title":"Niclosamide reduces glucagon sensitivity via hepatic PKA inhibition in obese mice: implications for glucose metabolism improvements in type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.08.003","article-title":"Niclosamide ethanolamine improves kidney injury in db\/db mice","volume":"144","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.018","article-title":"The antihelmenthic phosphate niclosamide impedes renal fibrosis by inhibiting homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 expression","volume":"92","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib91","first-page":"855","article-title":"Niclosamide ethanolamine protects kidney in adriamycin nephropathy by regulating mitochondrial redox balance","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37376-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupling has no effect on microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Hinder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15731","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.791863","article-title":"The unintended mitochondrial uncoupling effects of the FDA-approved anti-helminth drug nitazoxanide mitigates experimental parkinsonism in mice","volume":"292","author":"Amireddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib94","series-title":"Drug repurposing screen identifies novel small molecule compounds with potent antifibrotic properties","author":"Belanger","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29086","article-title":"AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Heimbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11851","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-1377","article-title":"Sorafenib blocks the RAF\/MEK\/ERK pathway, inhibits tumor angiogenesis, and induces tumor cell apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma model PLC\/PRF\/5","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-4-426","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor activity of sorafenib: a review of four phase I trials in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors","volume":"12","author":"Strumberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Oncologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.011","article-title":"Low-dose sorafenib acts as a mitochondrial uncoupler and ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Jian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.211","article-title":"Availability of salicylate from salsalate and aspirin","volume":"34","author":"Dromgoole","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2008.00026.x","article-title":"Use of salsalate to target inflammation in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Goldfine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13315","article-title":"Salsalate attenuates diet induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by decreasing lipogenic and inflammatory processes","volume":"172","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0564","article-title":"Salsalate (salicylate) uncouples mitochondria, improves glucose homeostasis, and reduces liver lipids independent of AMPK-beta1","volume":"65","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-011-9711-8","article-title":"Novel dichlorophenyl urea compounds inhibit proliferation of human leukemia HL-60 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis","volume":"30","author":"Figarola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigational New Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1313","article-title":"Smallmolecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation","volume":"31","author":"Figarola","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083801","article-title":"COH-SR4 reduces body weight, improves glycemic control and prevents hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"8","author":"Figarola","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2987-9","article-title":"A novel chemical uncoupler ameliorates obesity and related phenotypes in mice with diet-induced obesity by modulating energy expenditure and food intake","volume":"56","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09911-6","article-title":"Antidiabetic and cardiovascular beneficial effects of a liver-localized mitochondrial uncoupler","volume":"10","author":"Kanemoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0589","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupling coordinated with PDH activation safely ameliorates hyperglycemia via promoting glucose oxidation","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.11.005","article-title":"Identification of a novel mitochondrial uncoupler that does not depolarize the plasma membrane","volume":"3","author":"Kenwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Metabolism"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.06.040","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships of furazano[3,4-b]pyrazines as mitochondrial uncouplers","volume":"25","author":"Kenwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16298-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 reverses diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"11","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012088","article-title":"BAM15-mediated mitochondrial uncoupling protects against obesity and improves glycemic control","volume":"12","author":"Axelrod","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00542","article-title":"6-Amino[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-ol derivatives as efficacious mitochondrial uncouplers in STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"63","author":"Salamoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib114","series-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupler HU6 reduces hepatic oxidative stress in the DIAMOND mouse model thus Abrogating NASH Development","author":"Portell","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib115","unstructured":"Protheragen. A mitochondrial uncoupler for NASH treatment, secondary A mitochondrial uncoupler for NASH treatment 2005-2020, https:\/\/www.protheragen.com\/available-projects\/a-mitochondrial-uncoupler-for-nash-treatment\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/19960402NT7","article-title":"Lichen acids as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation of mouse-liver mitochondria","volume":"4","author":"Abo-Khatwa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Natural Toxins"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.10.019","article-title":"Hepatotoxic effect of (+)usnic acid from Usnea siamensis Wainio in rats, isolated rat hepatocytes and isolated rat liver mitochondria","volume":"90","author":"Pramyothin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2009.02.002","article-title":"Effect of (+)-usnic acid on mitochondrial functions as measured by mitochondria-specific oligonucleotide microarray in liver of B6C3F1 mice","volume":"9","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4065\/81.4.541","article-title":"Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid","volume":"81","author":"Sanchez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.121","article-title":"Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by curcumin: implication of its cellular mechanism of action","volume":"389","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070855","article-title":"Curcumin in liver diseases: a systematic review of the cellular mechanisms of oxidative stress and clinical perspective","volume":"10","author":"Farzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.660","article-title":"Innovative preparation of curcumin for improved oral bioavailability","volume":"34","author":"Sasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2019.35.4.403","article-title":"Theracurmin (highly bioavailable curcumin) prevents high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis development in mice","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8208237","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8208237","article-title":"Effects of highly absorbable curcumin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"2019","author":"Funamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030280","article-title":"2,4 dinitrophenol as medicine","volume":"8","author":"Geisler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23256","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities","volume":"120","author":"Sanyal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1076","article-title":"Liver ATP synthesis is lower and relates to insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23093","article-title":"Abnormal hepatic energy homeostasis in type 2 diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Szendroedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.004","article-title":"Adaptation of hepatic mitochondrial function in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver is lost in steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Koliaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.214","article-title":"Increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the liver is associated with obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"19","author":"Buchner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.004","article-title":"Excessive hepatic mitochondrial TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Sunny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3415","article-title":"Direct assessment of hepatic mitochondrial oxidative and anaplerotic fluxes in humans using dynamic 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Befroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01143-w","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism by positional isotopomer NMR tracer analysis (PINTA)","volume":"8","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.005","article-title":"Assessment of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation and pyruvate cycling in NAFLD by (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"24","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4503-0","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic features of the randomised controlled diabetes remission clinical trial (DiRECT) cohort","volume":"61","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.10.004","article-title":"Mechanisms by which a very-low-calorie diet reverses hyperglycemia in a rat model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12400","article-title":"Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Altaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30097","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition reverses NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance but promotes hypertriglyceridemia in rodents","volume":"68","author":"Goedeke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Molecular Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212877821000181?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212877821000181?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:27:09Z","timestamp":1761956829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212877821000181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":138,"alternative-id":["S2212877821000181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-8778"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-8778","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Therapeutic potential of mitochondrial uncouplers for the treatment of metabolic associated fatty liver disease and NASH","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101178","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101178"}}