{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:27:07Z","timestamp":1773152827993,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,26]],"date-time":"2006-07-26T13:19:47Z","timestamp":1153919987000},"page":"93-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"610","author":[{"given":"Guruprasad R.","family":"Pattar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixuan","family":"Tackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Elmendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718801","article-title":"Chromium research from a distance: from 1959 to 1980","volume":"17","author":"Mertz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.4.531","article-title":"Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition","volume":"30","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib3","unstructured":"I.o.M. Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.9.2211","article-title":"Lower toenail chromium in men with diabetes and cardiovascular disease compared with healthy men","volume":"27","author":"Rajpathak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01500-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Davidson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205043331983","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders and cholesterol","volume":"1","author":"Michikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-4010-6","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease\u2014a dysfunction in cholesterol and lipid metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Lukiw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970510029795","article-title":"The link between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Sjogren","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C317","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00073.2003","article-title":"Sphingomyelinase activates GLUT4 translocation via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism","volume":"286","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21703","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.36.21703","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor II\/mannose 6-phosphate receptor utilizes the same membrane compartments as GLUT4 for insulin-dependent trafficking to and from the rat adipocyte cell surface","volume":"271","author":"Kandror","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.46.11.1667","article-title":"Moving GLUT4: the biogenesis and trafficking of GLUT4 storage vesicles","volume":"46","author":"Rea","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.5.2593","article-title":"Molecular basis of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle trafficking","volume":"274","author":"Pessin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)46778-0","article-title":"Use of bismannose photolabel to elucidate insulin-regulated GLUT4 subcellular trafficking kinetics in rat adipose cells. Evidence that exocytosis is a critical site of hormone action","volume":"268","author":"Satoh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)37100-5","article-title":"Effects of insulin on steady state kinetics of GLUT4 subcellular distribution in rat adipocytes. Evidence of constitutive GLUT4 recycling","volume":"267","author":"Jhun","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53438-4","article-title":"Comparison of GLUT4 and GLUT1 subcellular trafficking in basal and insulin-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"268","author":"Yang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98333-X","article-title":"Insulin action on the internalization of the GLUT4 glucose transporter in isolated rat adipocytes","volume":"268","author":"Czech","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-0134(92)80034-S","article-title":"Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization","volume":"46","author":"Evans","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0255","article-title":"Chromium activates GLUT4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechansim","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.148","article-title":"Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Althuis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.35184","article-title":"Erythrocyte membrane phospholipid composition is related to hyperinsulinemia in obese non-diabetic women: effects of weight loss","volume":"51","author":"Younsi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.29.5.399","article-title":"Insulin action and the regulation of hexose transport","volume":"29","author":"Czech","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.2.915","article-title":"Coordinate modulation of d-glucose transport activity and bilayer fluidity in plasma membranes derived from control and insulin-treated adipocytes","volume":"77","author":"Pilch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00439a042","article-title":"Activation energy of the slowest step in the glucose carrier cycle: break at 23\u00b0C and correlation with membrane lipid fluidity","volume":"28","author":"Whitesell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib24","first-page":"110","article-title":"Membrane physiology as a basis for the cellular effects of metformin in insulin resistance and diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Wiernsperger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01287-9","article-title":"Action of metformin on erythrocyte membrane fluidity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"337","author":"Muller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1210\/en.133.1.304","article-title":"In vivo metformin treatment ameliorates insulin resistance: evidence for potentiation of insulin-induced translocation and increased functional activity of glucose transporters in obese (fa\/fa) Zucker rat adipocytes","volume":"133","author":"Matthaei","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.42.8.1159","article-title":"Metformin blocks downregulation of cell surface GLUT4 caused by chronic insulin treatment of rat adipocytes","volume":"42","author":"Kozka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1042\/0264-6021:3480083","article-title":"Chronic insulin effects on insulin signalling and GLUT4 endocytosis are reversed by metformin","volume":"348","author":"Pryor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1210\/en.136.2.412","article-title":"Action of metformin on glucose transport and glucose transporter GLUT1 and GLUT4 in heart muscle cells from healthy and diabetic rats","volume":"136","author":"Fischer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116005","article-title":"Glucose transport in human skeletal muscle cells in culture. Stimulation by insulin and metformin","volume":"90","author":"Sarabia","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1210\/en.131.3.1165","article-title":"Cellular mechanism of metformin action involves glucose transporter translocation from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane in L6 muscle cells","volume":"131","author":"Hundal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1210\/en.130.5.2535","article-title":"Stimulation of hexose transport by metformin in L6 muscle cells in culture","volume":"130","author":"Klip","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.30","article-title":"Regulation of glucose transport and insulin signaling by troglitazone or metformin in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"51","author":"Ciaraldi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00151-8","article-title":"Prevention of dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance by metformin","volume":"56","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02743261","article-title":"Metformin ameliorates diabetes but does not normalize the decreased GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle of obese (fa\/fa) Zucker rats","volume":"36","author":"Handberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15022.x","article-title":"Effects of metformin treatment on glucose transporter proteins in subcellular fractions of skeletal muscle in (fa\/fa) Zucker rats","volume":"115","author":"Rouru","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1440135","article-title":"Evidence for chromium acting as an essential trace element in insulin-dependent glucose uptake in cultured mouse myotubes","volume":"144","author":"Morris","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1107","article-title":"Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle GLUT4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats","volume":"132","author":"Cefalu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.67.365","article-title":"Insulin-like action of chromate on glucose transport in isolated rat adipocytes","volume":"67","author":"Goto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.3.178","article-title":"Effect of chromium supplementation on blood glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients","volume":"74","author":"Rabinovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib41","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects","volume":"152","author":"Press","year":"1990","journal-title":"West J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34940-3","article-title":"Use of cyclodextrins for manipulating cellular cholesterol content","volume":"38","author":"Christian","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31813-6","article-title":"Role of p21ras in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"269","author":"Hausdorff","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1698","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate reverses endothelin-1-induced insulin resistance via an actin-dependent mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib45","first-page":"105","article-title":"Fractionation analysis of the subcellular distribution of GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"83","author":"Elmendorf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meth. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib46","first-page":"141","article-title":"Transfection of adipocytes and preparation of nuclear extracts","volume":"155","author":"Dugail","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meth. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.46.11.1786","article-title":"Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1465-9","article-title":"Chronic hyperglycaemia promotes lipogenesis and triacylglycerol accumulation in human skeletal muscle cells","volume":"47","author":"Aas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.07.007","article-title":"Effects of trace elements on membrane fluidity","volume":"19","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00129-7","article-title":"Effect of hexavalent chromium on eukaryotic plasma membrane studied by EPR spectroscopy","volume":"1421","author":"Belagyi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"}],"container-title":["Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383571806001768?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383571806001768?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1627642973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383571806001768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1383571806001768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-5718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-5718","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}