{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:41:40Z","timestamp":1789864900582,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002757","name":"British American Tobacco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002757","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002757","name":"British American Tobacco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002757","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Annette Dalrymple and Marianna Gaca drafted the manuscript"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]],"date-time":"2018-02-19T03:06:59Z","timestamp":1519009619000},"page":"46-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Extreme testing of undiluted e-cigarette aerosol in vitro using an Ames air-agar-interface technique"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"828","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hollings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Dalrymple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ballantyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.12.007","article-title":"Tracking the rise in popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes) using search query surveillance","volume":"40","author":"Ayers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122","article-title":"Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Pepper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.042168","article-title":"Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda","volume":"20","author":"Etter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii3","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670","article-title":"Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00188","article-title":"Chemical composition of an e-cigarette aerosol \u2013a quantitative comparison with cigarette smoke","volume":"29","author":"Margham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.05.018","article-title":"An approach to ingredient screening and toxicological risk assessment of flavours in e-liquids","volume":"72","author":"Costigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0035","article-title":"Particle size distribution of e-cigarette aerosols and the relationship to Cambridge filter pad collection efficiency","volume":"26","author":"Alderman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beitr. Tobakforschung Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.10.010","article-title":"Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air","volume":"70","author":"Tayyarah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.07.094","article-title":"A rapid method for the chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of tobacco cigarette and electronic cigarette smokers","volume":"1410","author":"Marco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009","article-title":"Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols","volume":"74","author":"Flora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0055","series-title":"E-Cigarettes: An Evidence Update. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England","author":"McNeill","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0060","series-title":"Royal College of Physicians, Nicotine Without Smoke: Tobacco Harm Reduction","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.10.003","article-title":"A randomised, parallel group study to evaluate the safety profile of an electronic vapour product over 12 weeks","volume":"81","author":"Cravo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000229","article-title":"Characterization of e-cigarette use: the 1 million puffs study","volume":"6","author":"Dautzenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Addict. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35071","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35071","article-title":"Development, validation and application of a device to measure e-cigarette users\u2019 puffing topography","volume":"10","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0080","series-title":"CORESTA, No. 81 \u2013Routine Analytical Machine for E-Cigarette Aerosol Generation and Collection \u2013 Definitions and Standard Conditions","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2016.1217112","article-title":"Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke","volume":"26","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2016.1222473","article-title":"E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.10.005","article-title":"The mutagenic assessment of an electronic-cigarette and reference cigarette smoke using the Ames assay in strain TA98 and TA100","volume":"812","author":"Thorne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu078","article-title":"Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage","volume":"16","author":"Kosmider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12942","article-title":"E-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in \u2018dry puff' conditions","volume":"110","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10105146","article-title":"Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour extract on cultured myocardial cells","volume":"10","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2016.1170251","article-title":"A framework for in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids","volume":"26","author":"Iskandar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1089\/aivt.2016.0024","article-title":"Differential gene expression using rna sequencing profiling in a reconstituted airway epithelium exposed to conventional cigarette smoke or electronic cigarette aerosols","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. In Vitro Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00852-y","article-title":"Reduced biological effect of e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke evaluated in vitro using normalized nicotine dose and RNA-seq-based toxicogenomics","volume":"18","author":"Haswell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0130","series-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4. Test No. 471: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test","author":"OECD","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490476659","article-title":"Comparative assessment of toxicities of mainstream smoke from commercial cigarettes","volume":"16","author":"Ritter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2014.04.017","article-title":"A method for assessment of the genotoxicity of mainstream cigarette-smoke by use of the bacterial reverse-mutation assay and an aerosol-based exposure system","volume":"769","author":"Kilford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2015.03.006","article-title":"The mutagenic assessment of mainstream cigarette smoke using the Ames assay: a multi-strain approach","volume":"782","author":"Thorne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.04.008","article-title":"Assessing the mutagenic activities of smoke from different cigarettes in direct exposure experiments using the modified Ames Salmonella assay","volume":"803\u2013804","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11325","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111325","article-title":"Comparative in vitro toxicity profile of electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products: e-liquids, extracts and collected aerosols","volume":"11","author":"Misra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0160","first-page":"481","article-title":"Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke \u2013 hazard and hoopla","volume":"20","author":"Rodgman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beitr. Tobakforschung Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-50","article-title":"Assessment of cigarette smoke particle deposition within the vitrocell exposure module using quartz crystal microbalances","volume":"7","author":"Adamson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-016-0221-9","article-title":"Application of dosimetry tools for the assessment of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke generated on two different in vitro exposure systems","volume":"10","author":"Adamson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.04.021","article-title":"Characterization of the Vitrocell\u00ae 24\/48 aerosol exposure system for its use in exposures to liquid aerosols","volume":"42","author":"Steiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-146","article-title":"Characterisation of a Vitrocell VC 10 in vitro smoke exposure system using dose tools and biological analysis","volume":"7","author":"Thorne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2014.06.012","article-title":"An inter-machine comparison of tobacco smoke particle deposition in vitro from six independent smoke exposure systems","volume":"28","author":"Adamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-014-0062-3","article-title":"Characterization of the Vitrocell 24\/48 in vitro aerosol exposure system using mainstream cigarette smoke","volume":"8","author":"Majeed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(75)90046-1","article-title":"Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella\/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test","volume":"31","author":"Ames","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1089\/aivt.2016.0025","article-title":"Nicotine quantification in vitro: a consistent dosimetry marker for e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke generation","volume":"3","author":"Adamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. In Vitro Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.05.018","article-title":"Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol","volume":"29","author":"Neilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu174","article-title":"Effects of user puff topography, device voltage, and liquid nicotine concentration on electronic cigarette nicotine yield: measurements and model predictions","volume":"17","author":"Talih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-12-17","article-title":"Initial puffing behaviors and subjective responses differ between an electronic nicotine delivery system and traditional cigarettes","volume":"12","author":"Norton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(97)00196-4","article-title":"Chemicals mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535 but not in TA100","volume":"412","author":"Prival","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(85)90204-0","article-title":"Naturally occurring carbonyl compounds are mutagens in Salmonella tester strain TA104","volume":"148","author":"Marnett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/13.1.19","article-title":"The effectiveness of Salmonella strains TA100: TA102 and TA104 for detecting mutagenicity of some aldehydes and peroxides","volume":"13","author":"Dillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008_bib0235","article-title":"Comparison of cellular and transcriptomic effects between electronic cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke in human bronchial epithelial cells","author":"Anth\u00e9rieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"}],"container-title":["Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383571817302383?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383571817302383?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T20:52:16Z","timestamp":1535057536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383571817302383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1383571817302383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-5718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-5718","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extreme testing of undiluted e-cigarette aerosol in vitro using an Ames air-agar-interface technique","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}