{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:16:07Z","timestamp":1787170567021,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Centre Q-TECH Research and Study Centre (Quality and Technology Assessment, Governance and Communication Strategies in Health Systems)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007343","name":"University of Brescia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T12:08:18Z","timestamp":1542370098000},"page":"35-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u201cRisk is in the air\u201d: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and mutagenicity of atmospheric particulate matter in a town of Northern Italy (Respira study)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"842","author":[{"given":"Donatella","family":"Feretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Pedrazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Ceretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Dal Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Zerbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia Claudia Viviana","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Gelatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Zani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/034005","article-title":"Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change","volume":"8","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.09.017","article-title":"Air quality status and trends in Europe","volume":"98","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371","article-title":"The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0020","series-title":"Ambient Air Pollution: a Global Assessment of Exposure and Burden of Disease","author":"W.H.O","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1","article-title":"Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0030","series-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution","author":"I.A.R.C","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0035","series-title":"Report No 13\/2017 \u201cAir Quality in Europe\u201d","author":"EEA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0040","series-title":"Directive (EU) 2016\/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the Reduction of National Emissions of Certain Atmospheric Pollutants, Amending Directive 2003\/35\/EC and Repealing Directive 2001\/81\/EC (Text With EEA Relevance)","author":"Directive","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0045","unstructured":"U.S.E.P.A., Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards: State Implementation Plan Requirements. Federal Register Vol. 80, No. 55, 2015, Proposed Rules, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0050","unstructured":"European Commission, Communication From the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - \u201cA Clean Air Programme for Europe\u201d, COM(2013) 918 Final, European Union, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0055","series-title":"Exceedance of Air Quality Limit Values in Urban Areas (CSI 004) - Assessment Published Oct 2017.","author":"EEA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13737","DOI":"10.1021\/es404363m","article-title":"Impact of roadside tree lines on indoor concentrations of traffic-derived particulate matter","volume":"47","author":"Maher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.028","article-title":"Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: a review","volume":"77","author":"Pant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.09.0395","article-title":"Optical properties, chemical composition and the toxicological potential of urban particulate matter","volume":"17","author":"Pint\u00e9r","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.02.044","article-title":"Determination of soluble ultra-trace metals and metalloids in rainwater and atmospheric deposition fluxes: A 2-year survey and assessment","volume":"92","author":"Montoya-Mayor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.021","article-title":"Source apportionment of size resolved particulate matter at a European air pollution hot spot","volume":"502","author":"Pokorn\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0697-0","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in airborne particulate matter: sources, analysis and toxicity","volume":"16","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2016.1176169","article-title":"Fine atmospheric particles emitted by industrial, traffic and urban sources in France: characterization and genotoxicity","volume":"99","author":"Bonnefoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.11.054","article-title":"Fine and ultrafine atmospheric particulate matter at a multi-influenced urban site: physicochemical characterization, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity","volume":"221","author":"Landkocz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(99)00066-4","article-title":"Monitoring of mutagens in urban air samples","author":"Monarca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.06.066","article-title":"Genotoxicity of organic extracts of urban airborne particulate matter: an assessment within a personal exposure study","volume":"66","author":"Abou Chakra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.04.001","article-title":"Micronuclei induced by airborne particulate matter from Mexico city","volume":"631","author":"Roubicek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.05.001","article-title":"Genetic biomonitoring of an urban population exposed to mutagenic airborne pollutants","volume":"35","author":"Coronas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.07.004","article-title":"Monitoring of volatile and non-volatile urban air genotoxins using bacteria, human cells and plants","volume":"120","author":"Ceretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500802494538","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C: Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.07.076","article-title":"DNA damage in A549 cells exposed to different extracts of PM2.5 from industrial, urban and highway sites","volume":"77","author":"Bonetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2011.09.002","article-title":"Involvement of nitro-compounds in the mutagenicity of urban Pm2.5 and Pm10 in Turin","volume":"726","author":"Traversi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.05.100","article-title":"Mutagenicity of particulate matter fractions in areas under the impact of urban and industrial activities","volume":"89","author":"Lemos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.04.014","article-title":"Comparative genotoxicity of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) using Salmonella, plants and mammalian cells","volume":"94","author":"de Brito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2014.11.006","article-title":"Characterization of an area of reference for inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with genetic biomonitoring in children","volume":"778","author":"Silva da Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0155","first-page":"558","article-title":"Evaluation of the mutagenicity of detergents by tests on bacteria, plant cells and human leucocytes","volume":"65","author":"Feretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ig. Sanita Pubbl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.166","article-title":"Genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of PM2.5 collected over the year in Wroc\u0142aw (Poland)","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"Be\u0142cik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","article-title":"Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect","volume":"56","author":"Air","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0170","series-title":"Integrated Review Plan for National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter","author":"U.S.E.P.A","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0175","series-title":"Air Quality and Health","author":"ERS","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1","article-title":"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)","volume":"14","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1431-x","article-title":"Cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic appraisal to ascertain toxicological potential of particulate matter emitted from automobiles","volume":"20","author":"Anwar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.12.012","article-title":"Mineralogical, chemical and toxicological characterization of urban air particles","volume":"54","author":"\u010cupr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2014.03.011","article-title":"Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of native airborne particulate matter samples collected under industrial, urban or rural influence","volume":"28","author":"Lepers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.10.013","article-title":"Composition and effects of inhalable size fractions of atmospheric aerosols in the polluted atmosphere. Part II. In vitro biological potencies","volume":"63","author":"Nov\u00e1k","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.12.021","article-title":"Genotoxic effects of daily personal exposure to particle mass and number concentrations on buccal cells","volume":"176","author":"de Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0210","unstructured":"I.S.P.R.A., Qualit\u00e0 dell\u2019ambiente urbano \u2013XIII Rapporto (2017) ISPRA Stato dell\u2019Ambiente 74\/17 ISBN 978-88 -448-0858-7, 2017. http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/it\/archivio\/eventi\/2017\/12\/xiii-rapporto-201cqualita-dell2019ambiente-urbano201d-edizione-2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096524","article-title":"DNA damage in buccal mucosa cells of pre-school children exposed to high levels of urban air pollutants","volume":"9","author":"Ceretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3065-z","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction and on-line LC-GC-MS for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban dust and diesel particulate matter","volume":"381","author":"Christensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.05.007","article-title":"Diesel emissions significantly influence composition and mutagenicity of ambient particles: a case study in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"98","author":"Carvalho-Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0230","series-title":"Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS)","article-title":"Method TO-13A","author":"US. EPA","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0235","article-title":"Method 3015a - microwave assisted acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts, US environ","volume":"25","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prot. Agency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0240","first-page":"1","article-title":"Method 6020A: inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, SW-846","author":"US. EPA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Test Methods Eval. Solid Waste Phys. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2300(92)90009-X","article-title":"Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)","volume":"16","author":"Nisbet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0250","series-title":"Polyciyclische Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAH). Gesundheitssch\u00e4dliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begr\u00fcndungen von MAK-Werten 45","author":"Greim","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900211","article-title":"Characterization of the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay for evaluation of environmental samples containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)","volume":"32","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0260","series-title":"Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), Guidance for Evaluating the Cancer Potency of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Mixtures in Environmental Samples","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(02)00002-5","article-title":"PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition","volume":"33","author":"Yunker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.09.011","article-title":"Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation","volume":"42","author":"Ravindra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1039\/B909660D","article-title":"Evaluation of PAH diagnostic ratios as source apportionment tools for air particulates collected in an urban-industrial environment","volume":"12","author":"Sofowote","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.10.025","article-title":"PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources","volume":"162","author":"Tobiszewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.09.028","article-title":"Model-based evaluation of the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source identification tool","volume":"184","author":"Katsoyiannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.08.026","article-title":"Collection of gas and particle semi-volatile organic compounds: use of an oxidant denuder to minimize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation during high-volume air sampling","volume":"37","author":"Tsapakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(83)90010-9","article-title":"Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test","volume":"113","author":"Maron","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0305","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","article-title":"American public health association, American Water works association, Water environment Federation, W.E. Federation","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0310","first-page":"211","article-title":"A sensitive method for the detection of mutagenic nitroarenes: construction of nitroreductase-overproducing derivatives of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100","volume":"216","author":"Watanabe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mutagen. Relat. Subj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(98)00112-4","article-title":"Influence of nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase on the mutagenicity of substituted nitrobenzothiophenamines in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"118","author":"Hrelia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(88)90265-0","article-title":"A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells","volume":"175","author":"Singh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Single cell gel \/ comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing","volume":"35","author":"Tice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0330","first-page":"185","article-title":"The improved Allium\/Vicia root tip micronucleus assay for clastogenicity of environmental pollutants","volume":"334","author":"Ma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mutagen. Relat. Subj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0335","first-page":"215","article-title":"Induction of chromosome aberrations in the Allium cepa test system caused by the exposure of cells to benzo(a) pyrene","volume":"64","author":"Cabaravdic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Arh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0340","first-page":"1","article-title":"European union (EU), directive 2008\/50\/EC","volume":"152","year":"2008","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union. L"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0345","first-page":"3","article-title":"European union, directive 2004\/107\/EC","volume":"23","year":"2004","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Commun. L"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.07.009","article-title":"The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing - Concentration, composition, distribution and sources","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.06.107","article-title":"A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China","volume":"183","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003","article-title":"Air pollution in mega cities in China","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.11.034","article-title":"Partitioning of major and trace components in PM10\u2013PM2.5\u2013PM1 at an urban site in Southern Europe","volume":"42","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-017-0472-z","article-title":"Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Hefei, China: levels, characterizations and health risks","volume":"74","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.03.010","article-title":"Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 urban pollution in the Northern Italy: the nitro-compounds contribution","volume":"35","author":"Traversi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)00194-0","article-title":"Mutagens and carcinogens in size-classified air particulates of a Northern Italian town","volume":"205","author":"Monarca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00550-6","article-title":"Urban airborne particulate: Genotoxicity evaluation of different size fractions by mutagenesis tests on microorganisms and comet assay","volume":"44","author":"Buschini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2003.10.030","article-title":"The Salmonella mutagenicity of urban airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) from eight sites of the Emilia-Romagna regional monitoring network (Italy)","volume":"324","author":"Cassoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.07.006","article-title":"Chemical characteristics and mutagenic activity of PM10 in Torino, a Northern Italian city","volume":"385","author":"Gilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1985.tb00471.x","article-title":"The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring","volume":"102","author":"Fiskesjo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2009.06.002","article-title":"Allium cepa test in environmental monitoring: A review on its application","volume":"682","author":"Leme","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.153","article-title":"Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fugitive PM10 emissions from an integrated iron and steel plant","volume":"562","author":"Khaparde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.021","article-title":"Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils","volume":"72","author":"Pies","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.09.004","article-title":"Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00262-X","article-title":"Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel","volume":"35","author":"Oda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1021\/es000971e","article-title":"Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region","volume":"34","author":"Dickhut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00001-6","article-title":"Source contributions to the size and composition distribution of urban particulate air pollution","volume":"32","author":"Kleeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00175-3","article-title":"Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.10.040","article-title":"Exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes and phenols from vehicles coming within different European classes","volume":"82","author":"Perrone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.09.0254","article-title":"How a steel plant affects air quality of a nearby urban area: a study on metals and PAH concentrations","volume":"13","author":"Amodio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.318","article-title":"Chemical speciation, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxicity of particles emitted from meat cooking operations","volume":"633","author":"Gysel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY00021B","article-title":"Solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction coupled with UPLC-MS\/MS for the fast determination of ultratrace levels of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples","volume":"10","author":"Gui\u00f1ez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2012_2138","article-title":"Biochemical and medical importance of vanadium compounds","volume":"59","author":"Korbecki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1021\/es200463c","article-title":"Chemical speciation of vanadium in particulate matter emitted from diesel vehicles and urban atmospheric aerosols","volume":"46","author":"Shafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1021\/es048182a","article-title":"Characteristics of metals in nano\/ultrafine\/fine\/coarse particles collected beside a heavily trafficked road","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.12.046","article-title":"Seasonal trends, chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine PM in Tehran","volume":"153","author":"Arhami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0485","unstructured":"DEFRA, Guidelines for metals and metalloids in ambient air for the protection of human health, Expert Panel Air Qual. Stand. (n.d.). https:\/\/uk-air.defra.gov.uk\/assets\/documents\/reports\/cat11\/0805151602_Metals_and_Metalloids_Report.pdf (accessed July 7, 2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.018","article-title":"Determination of beryllium concentrations in UK ambient air","volume":"147","author":"Goddard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2018.04.022","article-title":"Chemical characterization of fine and ultrafine PM, direct and indirect genotoxicity of PM and their organic extracts on pulmonary cells","volume":"71","author":"Billet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2013.04.006","article-title":"Antimony speciation in road dust and urban particulate matter in Valparaiso, Chile: analytical and environmental considerations","volume":"110","author":"Quiroz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.112","article-title":"Traffic-related distribution of antimony in roadside soils","volume":"237","author":"F\u00f6ldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.04.030","article-title":"Fine and coarse PM composition and sources in rural and urban sites in Switzerland: Local or regional pollution?","volume":"427\u2013428","author":"Minguill\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383571818302766?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383571818302766?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T23:45:47Z","timestamp":1569109547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383571818302766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S1383571818302766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-5718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-5718","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cRisk is in the air\u201d: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and mutagenicity of atmospheric particulate matter in a town of Northern Italy (Respira study)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}