{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:10:56Z","timestamp":1788023456876,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["mri.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T17:46:28Z","timestamp":1430502388000},"page":"165-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Brett W.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo F.K.","family":"Benveniste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mylene T.","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith M.","family":"Marom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60907-0","article-title":"Thymoma","volume":"68","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S260","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181f1f62d","article-title":"Epidemiology of thymoma and associated malignancies","volume":"5","author":"Engels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib3","volume":"vol. 10","year":"2004"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19871201)60:11<2727::AID-CNCR2820601125>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Thymoma: a clinicopathologic review","volume":"60","author":"Lewis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib5","first-page":"497","article-title":"Studies in myasthenia gravis: review of a twenty-year experience in over 1200 patients","volume":"38","author":"Osserman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib6","series-title":"Cancer: principles and practice of oncology","first-page":"845","article-title":"Neoplasms of the mediastinum","author":"Cameron","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(98)80039-5","article-title":"Malignant thymoma associated with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Levy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2392050261","article-title":"CT screening for lung cancer: prevalence and incidence of mediastinal masses","volume":"239","author":"Henschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(96)70265-9","article-title":"Prognostic factors and long-term results after thymoma resection: a series of 307 patients","volume":"112","author":"Regnard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2008.03.001","article-title":"Histologic classification of thymoma: the World Health Organization and beyond","volume":"22","author":"Suster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP76KEGWQKWOKA","article-title":"Thymomas I: a clinicopathologic correlation of 250 cases with emphasis on the World Health Organization schema","volume":"137","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10255","article-title":"Histologic classification of thymic epithelial tumors: comparison of established classification schemes","volume":"98","author":"Rieker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.11.067","article-title":"Clinical value of the WHO classification system of thymoma","volume":"81","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/111.6.826","article-title":"Thymoma, atypical thymoma, and thymic carcinoma. A novel conceptual approach to the classification of thymic epithelial neoplasms","volume":"111","author":"Suster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-7940(91)90210-B","article-title":"Seventeen years of surgical treatment of thymoma: factors influencing survival","volume":"5","author":"Gamond\u00e8s","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811201)48:11<2485::AID-CNCR2820481123>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages","volume":"48","author":"Masaoka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02936.x","article-title":"A\u00a0review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma","volume":"44","author":"Koga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19911101)68:9<1984::AID-CNCR2820680923>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"A\u00a0tentative tumor-node-metastasis classification of thymoma","volume":"68","author":"Yamakawa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181f13682","article-title":"Standard outcome measures for thymic malignancies","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181a4b8e0","article-title":"The management of thymoma: a systematic review and practice guideline","volume":"4","author":"Falkson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000290","article-title":"The IASLC\/ITMIG thymic epithelial tumors staging project: proposal for an evidence-based stage classification system for the forthcoming (8th) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors","volume":"9","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"7 Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1730","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31821ea567","article-title":"Which way is up? policies and procedures for surgeons and pathologists of resection specimens of thymic malignancy","volume":"6","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2008.03.010","article-title":"Clinical management of thymoma patients","volume":"22","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP36ALGUZWOSEA","article-title":"Thymomas II: a clinicopathologic correlation of 250 cases with a proposed staging system with emphasis on pathologic assessment","volume":"137","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31818e105c","article-title":"Thymoma: a focus on current therapeutic management","volume":"4","author":"Girard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2003.12.010","article-title":"Phase II study of a multidisciplinary approach with induction chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection, radiation therapy, and consolidation chemotherapy for unresectable malignant thymomas: final report","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34092-9","article-title":"Chemotherapy and operation for invasive thymoma","volume":"106","author":"Rea","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)01020-8","article-title":"Long-term outcome after multimodality treatment for stage III thymic tumors","volume":"76","author":"Venuta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)00629-2","article-title":"Multimodality treatment of thymoma: a prospective study","volume":"64","author":"Venuta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.10.002","article-title":"Anterior mediastinal tumors: diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI","volume":"69","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e31828609a0","article-title":"Advances in thymoma imaging","volume":"28","author":"Marom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2004.10.001","article-title":"Imaging findings of expansile lesions of the thymus","volume":"34","author":"Restrepo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2004.12.003","article-title":"Imaging of thymoma","volume":"17","author":"Maher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31827bd931","article-title":"Characterization and management of cardiac involvement of thymic epithelial tumors","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2012.01746.x","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiac involvement with mediastinal lymphoma: the role of innovative integrated cardiovascular imaging","volume":"29","author":"Goldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0455.2002.430306.x","article-title":"Differential diagnosis between thymoma and non-thymoma by dynamic MR imaging","volume":"43","author":"Sakai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.7.2143.2143","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro autoradiographic and in\u00a0vivo scintigraphic localization of somatostatin receptors in human lymphatic tissue","volume":"82","author":"Reubi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.05.003","article-title":"Thymic epithelial tumors: comparison of CT and MR imaging findings of low-risk thymomas, high-risk thymomas, and thymic carcinomas","volume":"60","author":"Sadohara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)01175-2","article-title":"Results of re-resection for recurrent thymomas","volume":"64","author":"Regnard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.10.113","article-title":"Tumor recurrence and survival in patients treated for thymomas and thymic squamous cell carcinomas: a retrospective analysis","volume":"22","author":"Str\u00f6bel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2433060797","article-title":"Thymic hyperplasia and thymus gland tumors: differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging","volume":"243","author":"Inaoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.5.1801265","article-title":"Characterization of the normal and hyperplastic thymus on chemical-shift MR imaging","volume":"180","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20407","article-title":"Evaluation of normal fatty replacement of the thymus with chemical-shift MR imaging for identification of the normal thymus","volume":"22","author":"Inaoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W196","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e318249936a","article-title":"Nonsuppressing normal thymus on chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging in a young woman","volume":"27","author":"Ackman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2008.03.011","article-title":"Imaging of thymic epithelial neoplasms","volume":"22","author":"Rosado-de-Christenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.262045213","article-title":"The thymus: a comprehensive review","volume":"26","author":"Nishino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2008.1.349","article-title":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22377","article-title":"Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of mediastinal tumors","volume":"32","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.302095131","article-title":"Clinical and radiologic review of the normal and abnormal thymus: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"30","author":"Nasseri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"}],"container-title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064968915000069?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064968915000069?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T17:58:11Z","timestamp":1598983091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1064968915000069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1064968915000069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-9689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-9689","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"State of the Art","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mric.2015.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}