{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:41:50Z","timestamp":1789393310714,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"GINOP","award":["2.3.2-15-2016-00034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.3.2-15-2016-00034"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Brain Research Program","award":["KTIA_13_NAP-A-III\/9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTIA_13_NAP-A-III\/9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mutation Research\/Reviews in Mutation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,18]],"date-time":"2018-03-18T17:35:26Z","timestamp":1521394526000},"page":"32-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Genetic alterations affecting the genes encoding the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway and their association with human diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"776","author":[{"given":"Fanni A.","family":"Boros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Boh\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"V\u00e9csei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.6.659","article-title":"Quantitative aspects of tryptophan metabolism in humans and other species: a review","volume":"24","author":"Leklem","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00246","article-title":"Current evidence for a role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in multiple sclerosis","author":"Lovelace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.12.009","article-title":"Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"155","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.05.020","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"112","author":"Erhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2504-2","article-title":"Abnormal kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism in cardiovascular diseases","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10116","article-title":"rSNP_Guide: an integrated database-tools system for studying SNPs and site-directed mutations in transcription factor binding sites","volume":"20","author":"Ponomarenko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2007.04.010","article-title":"Characterization of an indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-like protein found in humans and mice","volume":"396","author":"Ball","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1872","article-title":"Novel tryptophan catabolic enzyme IDO2 is the preferred biochemical target of the antitumor indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase inhibitory compound D-1-methyl-tryptophan","volume":"67","author":"Metz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99420-2","article-title":"Tryptophan pyrrolase of rabbit intestine. D- and L-tryptophan-cleaving enzyme or enzymes","volume":"242","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.22819","article-title":"Substrate stero-specificity in tryptophan dioxygenase and indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase","volume":"78","author":"Capece","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.67","article-title":"Association of a polymorphism in the indoleamine-2, 3- dioxygenase gene and interferon-\u03b1-induced depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0681-y","article-title":"The kynurenine system and immunoregulation","volume":"119","author":"M\u00e1ndi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","article-title":"Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when Physiology Meets Pathology","volume":"13","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99420-2","article-title":"Tryptophan pyrrolase of rabbit intestine","volume":"242","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30447-7","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase","volume":"253","author":"Shizumu","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508996103","article-title":"Crystal structure of human indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase: catalytic mechanism of O2 incorporation by a heme-containing dioxygenase","volume":"103","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160153","article-title":"The end of the road for the tryptophan depletion concept in pregnancy and infection","volume":"130","author":"Badawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900986","article-title":"IDO activates regulatory T cells and blocks their conversion into TH17-like T cells","volume":"183","author":"Baban","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.10.001","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and metabolic control of immune responses","volume":"34","author":"Munn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31178","article-title":"Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, tumor-induced tolerance and counter-regulation","volume":"117","author":"Munn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2015.03.004","article-title":"Immune evasion in cancer: mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"35","author":"Vinay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5380.1191","article-title":"Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism","volume":"281","author":"Munn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2013.03.003","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases with very low catalytic activity are well conserved across kingdoms: IDOs of Basidiomycota","volume":"56","author":"Yuasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13316","article-title":"Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes are conserved in lower vertebrates, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable","volume":"282","author":"Yuasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2174\/138920007780362509","article-title":"The human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene and related human genes","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.01.005","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2; a new enzyme in the kynurenine pathway","volume":"41","author":"Ball","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13834","article-title":"High l-Trp affinity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is attributed to two residues located in the distal heme pocket","author":"Yuasa","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155412458926","article-title":"Studies on tissue and cellular distribution of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 2: the absence of IDO1 upregulates IDO2 expression in the epididymis","volume":"60","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0513-6","article-title":"IDO1 and IDO2 are expressed in human tumors: levo- but not dextro-1-methyl tryptophan inhibits tryptophan catabolism","volume":"58","author":"L\u00f6b","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/8.4.385","article-title":"Localization of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in human female reproductive organs and the placenta","volume":"8","author":"Sedlmayr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.156","article-title":"Decreased tryptophan catabolism by placental indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in preeclampsia","volume":"188","author":"Kudo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00484.x","article-title":"The etiological role of allogeneic fetal rejection in pre-eclampsia","volume":"58","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110131","article-title":"Targeting the kynurenine pathway-related alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a future therapeutic strategy","volume":"24","author":"Plang\u00e1r","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00173-2","article-title":"Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism: relationship to depression and paroxetine treatment","volume":"54","author":"Capuron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001600","article-title":"IDO and interferon-\u03b1-induced depressive symptoms: a shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Wichers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.06.001","article-title":"Lack of association of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase polymorphisms with interferon-alpha-related depression in hepatitis C","volume":"25","author":"Galv\u00e3o-de Almeida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115848","article-title":"IDO1 and IDO2 non-synonymous gene variants: correlation with Crohn\u2019s disease risk and clinical phenotype","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.11.008","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase gene polymorphisms correlate with CD8+ Treg impairment in systemic sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Tardito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2003.11.003","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression is restricted to fetal trophoblast giant cells during murine gestation and is maternal genome specific","volume":"61","author":"Baban","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00820.x","article-title":"Genetic variation in the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase gene in pre-eclampsia","volume":"64","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.07.007","article-title":"Coding region polymorphisms in the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (INDO) gene and recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"88","author":"Amani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.018","article-title":"Genotyping and expression analysis of IDO2 in human pancreatic cancer: a novel, active target","volume":"208","author":"Witkiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2010.04.006","article-title":"1-l-methyltryptophan is a more effective inhibitor of vertebrate IDO2 enzymes than 1-d-methyltryptophan","volume":"157","author":"Yuasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. \u2212 B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0475-9","article-title":"Biochemical characteristics and inhibitor selectivity of mouse indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-2","volume":"39","author":"Austin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111434622","article-title":"Common genetic variation in the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase genes and antidepressant treatment outcome in major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Cutler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/459927a","article-title":"Unlocking the secrets of the genome","volume":"459","author":"Celniker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15690","DOI":"10.1021\/ja076186k","article-title":"Human tryptophan dioxygenase: a comparison to indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase","volume":"129","author":"Batabyal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320360410","article-title":"Blood serotonin and thyptophan in tourette syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Comings","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199608000-00004","article-title":"Exon and intron variants in the human tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase gene: potential association with Tourette syndrome, substance abuse and other disorders","volume":"6","author":"Comings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2000.570304.x","article-title":"Comparison of the role of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline genes in ADHD, ODD and conduct disorder: multivariate regression analysis of 20 genes","volume":"57","author":"Comings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.020","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview","volume":"57","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00658-X","article-title":"Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine on rat dorsal raphe neurons","volume":"360","author":"Mihailescu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90121-3","article-title":"Effects of systemic nicotine on serotonin release in rat brain","volume":"621","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.4.547","article-title":"Antidepressant pharmacotherapy helps some cigarette smokers more than others","volume":"67","author":"Hitsman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1600315","article-title":"The role of free serum tryptophan in the biphasic effect of acute ethanol administration on the concentrations of rat brain tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid","volume":"160","author":"Badawy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(85)90055-2","article-title":"Ethanol increases rat liver tryptophan oxygenase: evidence for corticosterone mediation","volume":"2","author":"Morland","year":"1985","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979626","article-title":"Decrease in circulating tryptophan availability to the brain after acute ethanol consumption by normal volunteers: implications for alcohol-induced aggressive behaviour and depression","volume":"28","author":"Badawy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91215-7","article-title":"Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse, and dependence: findings of animal studies","volume":"36","author":"LeMarquand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt028","article-title":"Characterization of functional polymorphisms and glucocorticoid-responsive elements in the promoter of TDO2, a candidate gene for ethanol-induced behavioural disorders","volume":"48","author":"Soichot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420420","article-title":"Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamocortical pathway in autistic boys","volume":"42","author":"Chugani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3<287::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children","volume":"45","author":"Chugani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90192-8","article-title":"Free serotonin in plasma: autistic children and their first-degree relatives","volume":"24","author":"Cook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830110029004","article-title":"Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free adults with autistic disorder","volume":"53","author":"McDougle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000873","article-title":"Role of the serotonin transporter gene in the behavioral expression of autism","volume":"6","author":"Tordjman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028099","article-title":"Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study","volume":"25","author":"Bailey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x","article-title":"Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs","volume":"18","author":"Folstein","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20147","article-title":"Association of tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase gene polymorphism with autism","volume":"125B","author":"Nabi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuro Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2017.02.009","article-title":"Hypertryptophanemia due to tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase deficiency","volume":"120","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35169","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35169","article-title":"Molecular basis for catalysis and substrate-mediated cellular stabilization of human tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase","volume":"6","author":"Lewis-Ballester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.03.010","article-title":"Effect of arylformamidase (kynurenine formamidase) gene inactivation in mice on enzymatic activity, kynurenine pathway metabolites and phenotype","author":"Dobrovolsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0166-4","article-title":"Structure, expression and function of kynurenine aminotransferases in human and rodent brains","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0166-4","article-title":"Structure, expression, and function of kynurenine aminotransferases in human and rodent brains","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19971101)50:3<457::AID-JNR12>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Characterization of rat brain kynurenine aminotransferases I and II","volume":"50","author":"Guidetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20080085","article-title":"Substrate specificity and structure of human aminoadipate aminotransferase\/kynurenine aminotransferase II","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0263-4","article-title":"Kynurenines in chronic neurodegenerative disorders: future therapeutic strategies","volume":"116","author":"Z\u00e1dori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0697-3","article-title":"Kynurenines in Parkinson\u2019s disease: therapeutic perspectives","volume":"119","author":"Z\u00e1dori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0765-3","article-title":"The role of kynurenines in the pathomechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications","volume":"119","author":"F\u00fcvesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-51","article-title":"Association of kynurenine aminotransferase II gene C401T polymorphism with immune response in patients with meningitis","volume":"12","author":"de Souza","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm680","article-title":"Global control of aberrant splice-site activation by auxiliary splicing sequences: evidence for a gradient in exon and intron definition","volume":"35","author":"Kr\u00e1lovi\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0169-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway is involved in bacterial meningitis","volume":"11","author":"Coutinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-015-0218-6","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with the inflammatory response in bacterial meningitis","volume":"16","author":"Fontes","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(67)90469-X","article-title":"Flavin adenine dinucleotide requirement for kynurenine hydroxylase of rat liver mitochondria","volume":"29","author":"Okamoto","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70010299.x","article-title":"3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity","volume":"70","author":"Shoki","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.048","article-title":"The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid plays anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles during inflammation: role of hemeoxygenase-1","volume":"179","author":"Krause","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/104024","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: an endogenous neurotoxin with multiple targets","author":"Lugo-Huitr\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.023","article-title":"Genetic variants of the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase and postpartum depressive symptoms after cesarean section in Chinese women","volume":"215","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.15.1611","article-title":"Chromosome 1 loci in Finnish schizophrenia families","volume":"10","author":"Ekelund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1086\/321969","article-title":"Schizophrenia and affective disorders\u2014cosegregation with a translocation at chromosome 1q42 that directly disrupts brain-expressed genes: clinical and P300 findings in a family","volume":"69","author":"Blackwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1086\/318788","article-title":"Genomewide genetic linkage analysis confirms the presence of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, on chromosomes 1q32.2, 5q33.2, and 8p 21\u201322 and provides support for linkage to schizophrenia, on chromosomes 11q23 3\u201324 and 20q12. 1\u201311.23","volume":"68","author":"Gurling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.71","article-title":"Downregulated kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene expression and enzyme activity in schizophrenia and genetic association with schizophrenia endophenotypes","volume":"68","author":"Wonodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.10.002","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) polymorphisms in schizophrenia: an association study","volume":"127","author":"Holtze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2006.00231.x","article-title":"Association study between kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population","volume":"5","author":"Aoyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1134\/S1022795414060039","article-title":"Association of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase gene with schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Golimbet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Russ. J. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.026","article-title":"Influence of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) gene polymorphism on cognitive function in schizophrenia","volume":"160","author":"Wonodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00196-X","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism and brain function: focus on kynurenine and other indole metabolites","volume":"375","author":"Moroni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.100175","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase polymorphisms: relevance for kynurenic acid synthesis in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls","volume":"37","author":"Holtze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.11","article-title":"The KMO allele encoding Arg452 is associated with psychotic features in bipolar disorder type 1, and with increased CSF KYNA level and reduced KMO expression","volume":"19","author":"Lavebratt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/474135","article-title":"The genetic link between parkinson?s disease and the kynurenine pathway is still missing","volume":"2015","author":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.53","article-title":"Follow-up examination of linkage and association to chromosome 1q43 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"McCauley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of kynureninase","volume":"544","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0505","first-page":"77","article-title":"Hydroxykynureninuria","volume":"113","author":"Komrower","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000152963","article-title":"Familial hydroxykynureninuria","volume":"28","author":"Reddi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum. Hered."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0396-2","article-title":"Xanthurenic aciduria due to a mutation in KYNU encoding kynureninase","volume":"30","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.1.413","article-title":"Excitatory amino acids in the rostral ventrolateral medulla support blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"35","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.25.135","article-title":"Kynureninase is a novel candidate gene for hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"25","author":"Mizutani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0530","first-page":"588","article-title":"A polymorphism of kynureninase gene in a hypertensive candidate chromosomal region is associated with essential hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.110.959064","article-title":"A rare variant at the KYNU gene is associated with kynureninase activity and essential hypertension in the Han Chinese population","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MB00668B","article-title":"Human 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3, 4-dioxygenase (3HAO) dynamics and reaction, a multilevel computational study","volume":"11","author":"Brki\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31089","article-title":"Evidence for genes on chromosome 2 contributing to alcohol dependence with conduct disorder and suicide attempts","volume":"153B","author":"Dick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3063","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify variants in developmental genes associated with hypospadias","volume":"46","author":"Geller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb04108.x","article-title":"Kynurenines and seizures","volume":"22","author":"Lapin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1046-9","article-title":"The causative role and therapeutic potential of the kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"91","author":"Amaral","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1075-4","article-title":"The ACMSD gene, involved in tryptophan metabolism, is mutated in a family with cortical myoclonus, epilepsy, and parkinsonism","volume":"91","author":"Mart\u00ed-Mass\u00f3","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35162","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200819200","article-title":"Identification and expression of a cDNA encoding human alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD): A key enzyme for the tryptophan-niacine pathway and \u201cquinolinate hypothesis\u201d","volume":"277","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62345-8","article-title":"Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"377","author":"Nalls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Mutation Research\/Reviews in Mutation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383574217301151?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383574217301151?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T10:18:12Z","timestamp":1761301092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383574217301151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":115,"alternative-id":["S1383574217301151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-5742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-5742","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Genetic alterations affecting the genes encoding the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway and their association with human diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mutation Research\/Reviews in Mutation Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}