{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:17:38Z","timestamp":1783012658303,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T12:44:14Z","timestamp":1522500254000},"page":"128-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lifestyle factors and multiple sclerosis: A population-based incident case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8607-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Abdollahpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saharnaz","family":"Nedjat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Mansournia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Sahraian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"van der Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516677867","article-title":"Waterpipe smoking associated with multiple sclerosis: a population-based incident case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Abdollahpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.6.586","article-title":"Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy, White women","volume":"19","author":"Adler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"9; SUPP\/1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21141","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: noninfectious factors","volume":"61","author":"Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.198","article-title":"The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Ascherio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"9131\/03","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib6","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"195","author":"Booth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000110294","article-title":"Drug abuse as a risk factor of multiple sclerosis: case-control analysis and a study of heterogeneity","volume":"12","author":"Brosseau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000768","article-title":"Atlas of Multiple Sclerosis 2013: a growing global problem with widespread inequity","volume":"83","author":"Browne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2000.020","article-title":"The genetics of multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Compston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515578770","article-title":"Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study","volume":"21","author":"Cortese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib11","first-page":"595","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000324708","article-title":"A 20-year incidence trend (1989\u20132008) and point prevalence (March 20, 2009) of multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran: a population-based study","volume":"36","author":"Elhami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511401460","article-title":"Sharp increase in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"17","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404961","article-title":"A case-control study of the association between socio-demographic, lifestyle and medical history factors and multiple sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Ghadirian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016149","article-title":"Smoking and multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Handel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2013.05.002","article-title":"Risk associated behavior in premorbid multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"3","author":"Hawkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5858","article-title":"Alcohol as a modifiable lifestyle factor affecting multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"71","author":"Hedstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513494496","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran: a joinpoint trend analysis","volume":"20","author":"Heydarpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"247","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1949.10483314","article-title":"A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household","volume":"44","author":"Kish","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"7 Part 2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.7_Part_2.61","article-title":"Epidemiologic contributions to multiple sclerosis An overview","volume":"30","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820af93d","article-title":"Sun exposure and vitamin D are independent risk factors for CNS demyelination","volume":"76","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512448108","article-title":"Caffeine and alcohol intakes have no association with risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Massa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c0d6e0","article-title":"Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women","volume":"73","author":"Munger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010183","article-title":"Population-based case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in western Washington State. I. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption","volume":"151","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000188","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in school-age children in Tehran, 2008: a red alert","volume":"15","author":"Neyestani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000096853","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Belgrade","volume":"27","author":"Pekmezovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513483887","article-title":"The physical anthropometry, lifestyle habits and blood pressure of people presenting with a first clinical demyelinating event compared to controls: The Ausimmune study","volume":"19","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"s195","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12032","article-title":"A questionnaire for multinational case-control studies of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis (EnvIM-Q)","volume":"126","author":"Pugliatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib30","series-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.01.055","article-title":"Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth","volume":"146","author":"Strong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib32","unstructured":"University of Minnesota, 1992. Nutrient Coordinating Center. Nutrientdatasystem, release 2. 4. Minneapolis, MN."},{"issue":"7410","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.316","article-title":"Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study","volume":"327","author":"van der Mei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116397","article-title":"Selection of controls in case-control studies: II. Types of controls","volume":"135","author":"Wacholder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022_bib35","article-title":"Physical activity is associated with a decreased multiple sclerosis risk: the EnvIMS study","author":"Wesnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034818301160?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034818301160?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:41:10Z","timestamp":1761900070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034818301160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S2211034818301160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lifestyle factors and multiple sclerosis: A population-based incident case-control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}