{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:32:41Z","timestamp":1790231561805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T17:46:19Z","timestamp":1569519979000},"page":"101416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Role of B cells and antibodies in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Pitchaya","family":"Wanleenuwat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Iwanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001587","article-title":"Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Absinta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8899-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis: a hospital-based study","volume":"265","author":"Alcal\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2019.1611778","article-title":"CD20 monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: up-to-date","volume":"19","author":"Ancau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518553113","article-title":"Anoctamin 2 identified as an autoimmune target in multiple sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Ayoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24088","article-title":"In multiple sclerosis, oligoclonal bands connect to peripheral B-cell responses","volume":"75","author":"Bankoti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503315112","article-title":"IL-22 regulates lymphoid chemokine production and assembly of tertiary lymphoid organs","volume":"112","author":"Barone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-019-01768-6","article-title":"Characterization of blood-brain barrier integrity in a B-cell-dependent mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"151","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712288114","article-title":"MIF and D-DT are potential disease severity modifiers in male MS subjects","volume":"114","author":"Benedek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1561284","article-title":"Ocrelizumab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Bigaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21311","article-title":"Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Breij","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21916","article-title":"Antibodies to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in children with inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disease","volume":"66","author":"Brilot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.04.013","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein revisited-sensitive detection of MOG-specific T-cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Bronge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8830-y","article-title":"Cladribine treatment of multiple sclerosis is associated with depletion of memory B cells","volume":"265","author":"Ceronie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600782","article-title":"CD40-mediated NF\u03baB activation in B cells is increased in multiple sclerosis and modulated by therapeutics","volume":"197","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0015","first-page":"6","article-title":"B cells are multifunctional players in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: insights from therapeutic interventions","author":"Claes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9160-9","article-title":"Usefulness of MOG-antibody titres at first episode to predict the future clinical course in adults","volume":"266","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0017","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ectopic lymphoid structures: powerhouse of autoimmunity","author":"Corsiero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.05.003","article-title":"Placing CD20-targeted B cell depletion in multiple sclerosis therapeutic scenario: present and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"D'Amico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0019","first-page":"7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: immunopathology and treatment update","author":"Dargahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203306lu2331oa","article-title":"Anti-glycan antibodies as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"15","author":"Dotan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0021","first-page":"2","article-title":"Clonal relationships of CSF B cells in treatment-naive multiple sclerosis patients","author":"Eggers","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803583","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of Ibudilast in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"379","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508101944","article-title":"Anti-\u03b1-glucose-based glycan IgM antibodies predict relapse activity in multiple sclerosis after the first neurological event","volume":"15","author":"Freedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511432327","article-title":"Predictive nature of IgM anti-\u03b1-glucose serum biomarker for relapse activity and EDSS progression in CIS patients: a benefit study analysis","volume":"18","author":"Freedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119455","article-title":"Increased CD80(+) B cells in active multiple sclerosis and reversal by interferon beta-1b therapy","volume":"99","author":"Gen\u00e7","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0026","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Cell-Based Therapy. Cell J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0027","first-page":"8","article-title":"Ocrelizumab depletes CD20+ T cells in multiple sclerosis patients","author":"Gingele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregson, A., Thompson, K., Tsirka, S.E., et\u00a0al. Emerging small-molecule treatments for multiple sclerosis: focus on B cells. F1000Res [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2019 Aug 27];8. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6402079\/.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16495.1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1864","article-title":"Requirement for CD40 ligand in costimulation induction, T cell activation, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"273","author":"Grewal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.245462","article-title":"The role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: from molecular pathophysiology to in vivo imaging","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-Cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0032","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Fas\/CD95 receptor regulates the death of autoreactive B cells and the selection of antigen-specific B cells","author":"Hueber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.12.035","article-title":"Immunological differences between classical phenothypes of multiple sclerosis","volume":"349","author":"Iwanowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0034","first-page":"472","article-title":"Epitopes on myelin proteins recognized by autoantibodies present in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"58","author":"Ja\u015bkiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.011","article-title":"Memory B cells activate brain-homing, autoreactive CD4+ T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Jelcic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143393","article-title":"Changes in blood B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels in multiple sclerosis: a sign of treatment outcome","volume":"10","author":"Kannel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70028-6","article-title":"Atacicept in multiple sclerosis (ATAMS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial","volume":"13","author":"Kappos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68775","article-title":"Specific peripheral B cell tolerance defects in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"123","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0039","article-title":"Anti-neurofascin autoantibody and demyelination","author":"Kira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Demyelination and neurodegenerative changes in serum IgG antibodies to GM1, GD1a and GM3 gangliosides in a patient on dialysis","author":"Kolyovska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Disord. Therap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0041","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis","author":"Lassmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0135-x","article-title":"Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0043","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cytokine-Defined B cell responses as therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310ra166","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab4176","article-title":"Proinflammatory GM-CSF-producing B cells in multiple sclerosis and B cell depletion therapy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.02.015","article-title":"Secretory products of multiple sclerosis B cells are cytotoxic to oligodendroglia in vitro","volume":"246","author":"Lisak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.04.017","article-title":"B cell depletion with ublituximab reshapes the t cell profile in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"332","author":"Lovett-Racke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy151","article-title":"The compartmentalized inflammatory response in the multiple sclerosis brain is composed of tissue-resident CD8+ T lymphocytes and B cells","volume":"141","author":"Machado-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","article-title":"Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology","volume":"130","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044991","article-title":"Expression and activation by Epstein Barr virus of human endogenous retroviruses-W in blood cells and astrocytes: inference for multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Mameli","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.032","article-title":"Compartmentalization of inflammation in the CNS: a major mechanism driving progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"274","author":"Meinl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0051","first-page":"3411","article-title":"Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis have normal Treg function when cells expressing IL-7 receptor \u03b1-chain are excluded from the analysis","volume":"118","author":"Michel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12160","article-title":"Molecular targeted therapy against B cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901981","article-title":"Placebo-Controlled trial of an oral BTK inhibitor in multiple sclerosis","volume":"380","author":"Montalban","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.005","article-title":"Novel serum autoantibodies against talin1 in multiple sclerosis: possible pathogenetic roles of the antibodies","volume":"284","author":"Muto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21641","article-title":"Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"65","author":"Owens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.017087","article-title":"Alpha actinin is specifically recognized by multiple sclerosis autoantibodies isolated using an N-Glucosylated peptide epitope","volume":"12","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0057","first-page":"8","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis (MS) genetic risk factors indicate both acquired and innate immune cell subsets contribute to MS pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic opportunities","author":"Parnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00529","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: deciphering a target in inflammatory demyelinating diseases","volume":"8","author":"Peschl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0059","first-page":"657","article-title":"Meningeal tertiary lymphoid tissues and multiple sclerosis: a gathering place for diverse types of immune cells during CNS autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Pikor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0060","first-page":"409","article-title":"Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the perivascular compartment in chronic multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Prineas","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16576","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160716576","article-title":"B cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Pr\u00f6bstel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.05.013","article-title":"BAFF is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis at clinical onset","volume":"297","author":"Puthenparampil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3568","article-title":"Clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation of V(H) genes of B cells from cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Qin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000077008.24259.0D","article-title":"Intrathecal B-cell clonal expansion, an early sign of humoral immunity, in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Qin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.12.004","article-title":"Anti-MOG antibody: the history, clinical phenotype, and pathogenicity of a serum biomarker for demyelination","volume":"15","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847623","article-title":"The macrophage migration inhibitory factor pathway in human B cells is tightly controlled and dysregulated in multiple sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Rijvers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500776","article-title":"Requirement for transcription factor Ets1 in B cell tolerance to self-antigens","volume":"195","author":"Russell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0068","first-page":"9","article-title":"B-Cell therapies in multiple sclerosis","author":"Sabatino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x","article-title":"Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Serafini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.004","article-title":"Prevalence of neurofascin-155 antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Stich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/400_2009_22","article-title":"Antigen processing and presentation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Stoeckle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Results. Probl. Cell. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0072","article-title":"Modulation of B cell activation threshold mediated by BCR\/CD40 costimulation by targeting Cbl-b for ubiquitination","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181735723","article-title":"B cell survival in intragraft tertiary lymphoid organs after rituximab therapy","volume":"85","author":"Thaunat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.09.003","article-title":"B cells in multiple sclerosis: connecting the dots","volume":"23","author":"von B\u00fcdingen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000089","article-title":"MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease","volume":"2","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0076","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Evidence for the role of B cells and immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","author":"Wootla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416_bib0077","first-page":"94","article-title":"Serum IgG and IgM ganglioside GM1 antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Zaprianova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ideggyogy. Sz."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034819303967?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034819303967?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:49:09Z","timestamp":1761900549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034819303967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S2211034819303967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of B cells and antibodies in multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101416","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101416"}}