{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T09:06:40Z","timestamp":1761901600823,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000995","name":"Australian National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001038","name":"Menzies Research Institute Tasmania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG3364A1\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG3364A1\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012523","name":"St John of God Health Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014051","name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1083090","1107343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1083090","1107343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001778","name":"Deakin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001077","name":"Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001207","name":"Department of Health, New South Wales Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001249","name":"University of Tasmania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T01:17:14Z","timestamp":1584494234000},"page":"102062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Childhood infections, vaccinations, and tonsillectomy and risk of first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination in the Ausimmune Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"A.M.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.-L.","family":"Ponsonby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Dear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.V.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"van der Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.C.","family":"Valery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.M.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3080-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and environmental risk factors: a case-control study in Iran","volume":"38","author":"Abbasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0028","unstructured":"ABS. Children's Immunisation Australia. Canberra: Australian bureau of statistics, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9367-2","article-title":"A population-based case-control study on viral infections and vaccinations and subsequent multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"24","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21141","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors","volume":"61","author":"Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000026167","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and infectious childhood diseases","volume":"17","author":"Bachmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh283","article-title":"Childhood infections and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"127","author":"Bager","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0027","first-page":"14","article-title":"Immunisation: a public health success","author":"Burgess","year":"2003","journal-title":"NSW Public Health Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000110369","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: a community-based, case-control study in the province of Ferrara, Italy","volume":"13","author":"Casetta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.2.325","article-title":"Viral infection in patients with multiple sclerosis and HLA\u2013DR matched controls","volume":"109","author":"Compston","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.4.504","article-title":"Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults","volume":"60","author":"DeStefano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30828-4","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in recurrent tonsillitis","volume":"75","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-5984-2","article-title":"Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"258","author":"Farez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0149-3","article-title":"Statistical tests, p values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations","volume":"31","author":"Greenland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000110302","article-title":"Infections in childhood and adolescence in multiple sclerosis. A case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Gronning","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(82)90055-7","article-title":"A study of measles virus and canine distemper virus antibodies, and of childhood infections in multiple sclerosis patients and controls","volume":"56","author":"Haile","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e908","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008012","article-title":"A large case-control study on vaccination as risk factor for multiple sclerosis","volume":"93","author":"Hapfelmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04028.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and delayed mumps","volume":"85","author":"Hays","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00009","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and age at infection with common viruses","volume":"12","author":"Hernan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000138433.61870.82","article-title":"Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study","volume":"63","author":"Hernan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000225079.51201.f9","article-title":"Tetanus vaccination and risk of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Hernan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0003","article-title":"Low-frequency and rare-coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"175","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507077174","article-title":"Observational analytic studies in multiple sclerosis: controlling bias through study design and conduct. The Australian multicentre study of environment and immune function","volume":"13","author":"Lucas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820af93d","article-title":"Sun exposure and vitamin D are independent risk factors for CNS demyelination","volume":"76","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-41","article-title":"Surgery and risk for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"13","author":"Lunny","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8263-4","article-title":"Vaccines and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"264","author":"Mailand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2307","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and antecedent infections: a case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Marrie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000080094","article-title":"Childhood infections as risk factors for multiple sclerosis: belgrade case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Pekmezovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516671819","article-title":"Ongoing increase in incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newcastle, Australia: a 50-year study","volume":"23","author":"Ribbons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.183665","article-title":"The environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility: a case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Shaygannejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1144","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and age at exposure to childhood diseases and animals: cases and their friends","volume":"34","author":"Sullivan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112509","article-title":"Tonsillectomy and infectious mononucleosis","volume":"107","author":"Sumaya","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50862","article-title":"Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review","author":"Waubant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12844","article-title":"Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?","volume":"201","author":"Wendel-Haga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507084265","article-title":"Selective association of multiple sclerosis with infectious mononucleosis","volume":"14","author":"Zaadstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00051.x","article-title":"Risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Israel","volume":"94","author":"Zilber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0147-6","article-title":"Risk factors of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Zorzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034820301383?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034820301383?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:48:59Z","timestamp":1761900539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034820301383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2211034820301383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2211-0348"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Childhood infections, vaccinations, and tonsillectomy and risk of first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination in the Ausimmune Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102062","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102062"}}