{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:48:38Z","timestamp":1787060918118,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T12:41:01Z","timestamp":1607085661000},"page":"102665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["MRI signs of CNS demyelinating diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Masoud","family":"Etemadifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helia","family":"Ashourizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosein","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa K","family":"Kargaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehri","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Rayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Aghababaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Parsa","family":"Abhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1405","article-title":"Central veins in brain lesions visualized with high-field magnetic resonance imaging: a pathologically specific diagnostic biomarker for inflammatory demyelination in the brain","volume":"70","author":"Mistry","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.166","article-title":"The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative","volume":"12","author":"Sati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182648bc8","article-title":"Distinct lesion morphology at 7-T MRI differentiates neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Sinnecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/398259","article-title":"Ultrahigh-field MR (7 T) imaging of brain lesions in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"2013","author":"Kister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis International"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1183","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005256","article-title":"Value of the central vein sign at 3T to differentiate MS from seropositive NMOSD","volume":"90","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25146","article-title":"Central vein sign differentiates Multiple Sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies","volume":"83","author":"Maggi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.273","article-title":"\u201cCentral vessel sign\u201d on 3T FLAIR* MRI for the differentiation of multiple sclerosis from migraine.","volume":"3","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of clinical and translational neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512441270","article-title":"Lesion morphology at 7 Tesla MRI differentiates Susac syndrome from multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Wuerfel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-3080-y","article-title":"Improved differentiation between MS and vascular brain lesions using FLAIR* at 7 Tesla","volume":"24","author":"Kilsdonk","year":"2014","journal-title":"European radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515616700","article-title":"Imaging central veins in brain lesions with 3-T T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates multiple sclerosis from microangiopathic brain lesions","volume":"22","author":"Mistry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4822-z","article-title":"FLAIR* to visualize veins in white matter lesions: a new tool for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis?","volume":"27","author":"Campion","year":"2017","journal-title":"European radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12367","article-title":"The central vein sign in multiple sclerosis lesions is present irrespective of the T2* sequence at 3 T","volume":"27","author":"Samaraweera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2478","article-title":"Evaluation of the central vein sign as a diagnostic imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Sinnecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0014","first-page":"S24","article-title":"Systematic imaging review: multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Katdare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0015","first-page":"517","article-title":"XVIII.\u2013the histology of disseminated sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Dawson","year":"1916","journal-title":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0016","first-page":"1039","article-title":"MR venography of multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/986923","article-title":"Periventricular lesions help differentiate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders from multiple sclerosis","volume":"2014","author":"Raz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis international"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182887957","article-title":"Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution","volume":"80","author":"Matthews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-014-0218-8","article-title":"Comparison between the cranial magnetic resonance imaging features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder versus multiple sclerosis in Taiwanese patients","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0020","first-page":"2033","article-title":"The ependymal \u201cDot-dash\u201d sign: an MR imaging finding of early multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Lisanti","year":"2005","journal-title":"American journal of neuroradiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.02.010","article-title":"MR imaging findings of the corpus callosum region in the differentiation between multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"European journal of radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1987.tb00177.x","article-title":"Periventricular lesions in multiple sclerosis: their perivenous origin and relationship to granular ependymitis","volume":"13","author":"Adams","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropathology and applied neurobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0024","first-page":"572","article-title":"Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: combined postmortem MR imaging and histopathology","volume":"26","author":"Geurts","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.09.021","article-title":"Cortical demyelination in multiple sclerosis: a substrate for cognitive deficits?","volume":"245","author":"Kutzelnigg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the neurological sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.914","article-title":"Magnetic resonance techniques in multiple sclerosis: the present and the future","volume":"68","author":"Filippi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516683267","article-title":"A \u201ckissing lesion\u201d: in-vivo 7T evidence of meningeal inflammation in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Kolber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e9a96","article-title":"No MRI evidence of cortical lesions in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"79","author":"Calabrese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.7.1427","article-title":"Open-ring imaging sign: highly specific for atypical brain demyelination","volume":"54","author":"Masdeu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304498","article-title":"Tumefactive demyelination: an approach to diagnosis and management","volume":"84","author":"Hardy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.06.037","article-title":"Open ring enhancement in atypical brain demyelination","volume":"19","author":"Javalkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.273","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis with open-ring enhancement in the cerebrum and spinal cord","volume":"42","author":"Dohi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Internal medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512454772","article-title":"Diffuse and heterogeneous T2-hyperintense lesions in the splenium are characteristic of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"19","author":"Makino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.04.019","article-title":"Callosal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis and related disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21753","article-title":"\u201cCloud\u2010like enhancement\u201d is a magnetic resonance imaging abnormality specific to neuromyelitis optica","volume":"66","author":"Ito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2019.06.001","article-title":"MRI features of demyelinating disease associated with anti-MOG antibodies in adults","volume":"46","author":"Den\u00e8ve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/735486","article-title":"Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"2012","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis international"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm062","article-title":"Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of NMO: a study on antibody titre","volume":"130","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/735486","article-title":"Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"2012","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis international"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-015-0613-9","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica with linear enhancement of corpus callosum in brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Sahraian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of medical case reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509103301","article-title":"Occurrence of acute large and edematous callosal lesions in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01364-1","article-title":"Presence of aquaporin-4 and muscarinic receptors in astrocytes and ependymal cells in rat brain: a clue to a common function?","volume":"292","author":"Badaut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170141","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: spectrum of MR imaging findings and their differential diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Dutra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0044","first-page":"46","article-title":"Diagnosis of periventricular ependymal enhancement in MRI in adults","volume":"30","author":"Guerini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroradiology= Journal de Neuroradiologie"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.964","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression","volume":"63","author":"Pittock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2015.07.027","article-title":"What do we know about brain contrast enhancement patterns in neuromyelitis optica?","volume":"40","author":"Pekcevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical imaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431730","article-title":"Pencil-thin ependymal enhancement in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"18","author":"Banker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6121","article-title":"MRI Predictors of Recurrence and Outcome after Acute Transverse Myelitis of Unidentified Etiology","volume":"40","author":"Bulut","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0049","article-title":"Diagnostic value of bright spotty lesions on MRI after a first episode of acute myelopathy","author":"Rabast\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513495581","article-title":"\u201cBright spotty lesions\u201d on spinal magnetic resonance imaging differentiate neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Yonezu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001441","article-title":"Differential patterns of spinal cord and brain atrophy in NMO and MS","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2008.12.008","article-title":"MRI of the spinal cord in neuromyelitis optica and recurrent longitudinal extensive myelitis","volume":"36","author":"Cassinotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of neuroradiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3592","article-title":"Conventional and advanced imaging in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"35","author":"Barnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-33","article-title":"Modifications of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and brainstem lesions in the course of neuromyelitis optica (NMO): a population-based, descriptive study","volume":"13","author":"Asgari","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-21","article-title":"Adult-onset Alexander disease with typical\" tadpole\" brainstem atrophy and unusual bilateral basal ganglia involvement: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Namekawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170141","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: spectrum of MR imaging findings and their differential diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Dutra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000719","article-title":"\u201cBarbell Sign\u201d: a diagnostic imaging finding in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"42","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70226-9","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-1 infection","volume":"9","author":"Cinque","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05031-11","article-title":"Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain","volume":"25","author":"Ferenczy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.01.006","article-title":"Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies","volume":"12","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis and related disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0096","article-title":"Balo's concentric sclerosis: an update and comprehensive literature review","volume":"29","author":"Harandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reviews in the Neurosciences"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.12.030","article-title":"Spinal cord involvement in Balo's concentric sclerosis","volume":"279","author":"Kreft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the neurological sciences"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003308","article-title":"Hypoxia-like tissue injury and glial response contribute to Balo concentric lesion development","volume":"87","author":"Takai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.50835","article-title":"Twenty classic signs in neuroradiology: A pictorial essay","volume":"19","author":"Chavhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Indian journal of radiology & imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00089","article-title":"Case Series: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-related disease spectrum","volume":"11","author":"Alshamrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4053","article-title":"Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody","volume":"76","author":"Dubey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3357","article-title":"Degeneration and impaired regeneration of gray matter oligodendrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.04.012","article-title":"Trident sign trumps Aquaporin-4-IgG ELISA in diagnostic value in a case of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis","volume":"23","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis and related disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002992","article-title":"Central canal enhancement and the trident sign in spinal cord sarcoidosis","volume":"87","author":"Zalewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001367","article-title":"MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an international update","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.6.992","article-title":"Signs in neuroradiology: A pictorial review","volume":"18","author":"Kizilca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean journal of radiology"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034820307392?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034820307392?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:52:45Z","timestamp":1761900765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034820307392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S2211034820307392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MRI signs of CNS demyelinating diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102665","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102665"}}