{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T17:48:20Z","timestamp":1786297700666,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T13:46:20Z","timestamp":1623764780000},"page":"103083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Status of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-8178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor M.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Hamuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis Bernardi","family":"Bichuetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres Maria","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Daccah","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnoldo","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Bertado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene Trevino","family":"Frenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Galleguillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo","family":"Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyanira A.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Capar\u00f3-Zamalloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethel","family":"Ciampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Lana-Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Zarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimiro","family":"Sinay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Armas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Benzad\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ericka","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Carnero Contentti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar Patricio","family":"Correa-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Veronica","family":"Fleitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Playas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omaira","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgard","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibis","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johana V\u00e1squez","family":"C\u00e9spedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Correale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Monterrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awilda","family":"Candelario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario R.","family":"Tavolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Parajeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biany Santos","family":"Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amado","family":"Diaz de la Fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Bola\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne Kagi","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Carr\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar Gonzalez","family":"Gamarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Vera","family":"Raggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Cesar","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicia Eunice","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Skromne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligia lbeth","family":"Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo Perez","family":"Canabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Sirias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto Arturo","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianella","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos Duran","family":"Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Oviedo","family":"Cede\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Abad-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRep.S15177","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Complicated by Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO-Devic's Disease): Clinic-Pathological Report and Review of the Literature. 2014","volume":"7","author":"Adawi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Case Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0002","first-page":"4","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO lgG+) and Genetic Susceptibility","volume":"18","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Potential Ethnic Influences. Centr. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0003","article-title":"Epidemiology of neuromyelitis Optica in Latin America","volume":"3","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin;"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000317","article-title":"Efficacy of the anti-lL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica: a pilot study","volume":"82","author":"Araki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182190f74","article-title":"A population-based of neuromyelitis optica in Caucasians","volume":"76","author":"Asgari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130020","article-title":"Patients with neuromyelitis 6ptica have a more severe disease than patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, including higher risk of dying of demyelinating disease","volume":"71","author":"Bichuetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.545","article-title":"Lack of response to pulse cyclophosphamide in neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 7 patients","volume":"69","author":"Bichuetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0008","first-page":"1","article-title":"lmmunotherapy of Neuromyelitis Optica","author":"Bienia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0009-0","article-title":"An epidemiological study of neuromyelitis optica in Cuba","volume":"256","author":"Cabrera Gomez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09699-2","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in a Latin American cohort., 2020","volume":"267","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.01.001","article-title":"Application of the 2015 diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a cohort of Latin American patients","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0012","first-page":"30033","author":"Carreon Guarnizo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102683","article-title":"Impact of Rituximab on relapse rate and disability in an Ecuadorian cohort of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum diosrders","author":"Correa-Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and radiological profile of n\u2022euromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in an Ecuadorian cohort","volume":"44","author":"Correa-Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0015","first-page":"8","article-title":"Estimated Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica in Panama (Prevalencia estimada de la neuromielitis optica en Panama. Article in Spanish)","volume":"34","author":"Gracia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Panama;"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8596-7","article-title":"What proportion of AQP4-lgG-negative NMO spectrum disorder patients are MOG-lgG positive? A cross sectional study of 132 patients","volume":"264","author":"Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00501","article-title":"Epidemiology of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and its Prevalence and Incidence Worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Hor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004611","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders In northern Japan","volume":"89","author":"Houzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6926-y","article-title":"The epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica amongst adults in the Merseyside County of United Kingdom","volume":"260","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0020","first-page":"e181","article-title":"Epidemiology of NMOSD in Sweden from 1987 to 2013: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"93","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313300","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"88","author":"Kawachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2089","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006574","article-title":"Racial differences in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24554","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica: Evaluation of 871 attacks and 1,153 treatment courses","volume":"79","author":"Kleiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7020042","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Anti\u00ad MOG Syndromes","volume":"72","author":"Lana-Peixoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102807","article-title":"Prevalence of Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Belo Horizonte, Southeast Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Lana-Peixoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2008.01172.x","article-title":"Association of the HLA\u00ad DPB1*0501 allele with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive in Japanese patients with idiopathic central nervous system demyelinating disorders","volume":"73","author":"Matsushita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.3.317","article-title":"Aboriginals with multiple sclerosis: HLA types and predominance of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"56","author":"Mirsattari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127757","article-title":"Central Nervous System Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Disorders in South Americans: A Descriptive, Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Papais-Alvarenga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0029","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica is an HLA associated Disease different from Multiple Sclerosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis","author":"Papais Alvarenga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01028","article-title":"AQP4 Antibody Assay Sensitivity Comparison in the Era of the 2015 Diagnostic Criteria for NMOSD","author":"Prain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0781-2","article-title":"Characteristics of Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica) in Mexico","volume":"255","author":"Rivera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000376","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Care in Latin America","volume":"82","author":"Rivera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0768-4","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis in Latin Americans: Genetic Aspects","volume":"17","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0034","article-title":"Access and barriers to MS care in Latin America","volume":"3","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler. J. Exp. Transl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0035","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases associated with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A literature review","volume":"27","author":"Shahmohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0036","article-title":"Epidemiological findings of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in a Venezuelan Study","volume":"47","author":"Soto de Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"issue 4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30066-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis 6ptica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Tahara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0038","first-page":"193","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders profile of a cohort according to the 2015 diagnostic criteria","volume":"65","author":"Uribe-San Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"(Article in Spanish) Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318248dec1","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-lgG assays","volume":"78","author":"Waters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.014","article-title":"Neuromyelitis spectrum disorders","volume":"92","author":"Weinshenker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum Disorder","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034821003503?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034821003503?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:58:17Z","timestamp":1761901097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034821003503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S2211034821003503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Status of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Latin America","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103083","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103083"}}