{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T22:14:47Z","timestamp":1785708887166,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T21:31:50Z","timestamp":1649194310000},"page":"103795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fardin","family":"Nabizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Balabandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sodeifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8598-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdorreza","family":"Naser Moghadasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112360","article-title":"COVID-19-associated neurological disorders: the potential route of CNS invasion and blood-brain relevance","volume":"9","author":"Achar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8","article-title":"Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"Armangue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.209","article-title":"Possible autoimmune encephalitis with claustrum sign in case of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"48","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0005","article-title":"New-onset seizure with possible limbic encephalitis in a patient With COVID-19 infection: a case report and review","volume":"9","author":"Bhagat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.002","article-title":"N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19 infection in a toddler","volume":"114","author":"Burr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.05.023","article-title":"Distinct intrathecal interleukin-17\/interleukin-6 activation in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis","volume":"297","author":"Byun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8562805","article-title":"Neuroinvasion and inflammation in viral central nervous system infections","volume":"2016","author":"Dahm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.640017","article-title":"Neurological disorders associated with COVID-19 hospital admissions: experience of a single tertiary healthcare center","volume":"12","author":"Dhillon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0017","first-page":"35","article-title":"New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) in post SARS-CoV-2 autoimmune encephalitis: a case report","volume":"42","author":"Dono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci. Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.249292","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 infection: insight from (18)F-FDG PET imaging and neuronal autoantibodies","volume":"61","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.249292","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 infection: insight from 18F-FDG PET imaging and neuronal autoantibodies","volume":"61","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10108-x","article-title":"Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients","volume":"268","author":"Guilmot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","article-title":"Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"382","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.012","article-title":"Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy?","volume":"88","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323816","article-title":"Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"91","author":"Khoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurolo. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323816","article-title":"Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"91","author":"Khoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16794","article-title":"Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with COVID-19 infection","volume":"190","author":"Lazarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323177","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic 2019-2020","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102763","article-title":"Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: the mystery and the miracle","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10468-y","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin response in new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) COVID-19 adult patients","volume":"268","author":"Manganotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2","article-title":"Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series","volume":"19","author":"Matschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0014","article-title":"Psychosis in a patient with anti-NMDA-receptor antibodies experiencing significant stress related to COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Moideen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.07.006","article-title":"Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as new onset refractory status epilepticus in COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Monti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.054","article-title":"Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a psychiatric COVID-19 patient: a case report","volume":"87","author":"Panariello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25783","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"88","author":"Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25783","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"88","author":"Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa609","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related encephalitis: the ENCOVID multicenter study","volume":"223","author":"Pilotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0019","article-title":"Autoimmune limbic encephalitis related to SARS-CoV-2 infection: case-report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Pizzanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain behav. Immun. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05104-z","article-title":"Neurological manifestations temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric patients in Mexico","volume":"37","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurological manifestations temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric patients in Mexico","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child's Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","article-title":"Guillain\u2013barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"382","author":"Toscano","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21428","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021428","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 associated with aggressive neurological and mental abnormalities confirmed based on cerebrospinal fluid antibodies: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021428","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 associated with aggressive neurological and mental abnormalities confirmed based on cerebrospinal fluid antibodies: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323839","article-title":"A case of limbic encephalitis associated with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection","volume":"91","author":"Zambreanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323839","article-title":"A case of limbic encephalitis associated with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection","volume":"91","author":"Zambreanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7798","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034822003029?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034822003029?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:57:58Z","timestamp":1761901078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034822003029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2211034822003029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103795","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103795"}}