{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T09:14:07Z","timestamp":1761902047975,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]],"date-time":"2023-04-09T09:39:23Z","timestamp":1681033163000},"page":"104712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A real-life study of alemtuzumab in persons with multiple sclerosis: Kuwait's experience"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Raed","family":"Alroughani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malak","family":"AlMojel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasem","family":"Al-Hashel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samar Farouk","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103780","article-title":"Real-life evidence of treatment with alemtuzumab in patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Colombia","volume":"61","author":"B\u00f3nitto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0394-8","article-title":"Alemtuzumab use in clinical practice: recommendations from European multiple sclerosis experts","volume":"31","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8306-x","article-title":"Acute pneumonitis and pericarditis related to alemtuzumab therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"264","author":"Blasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102945","article-title":"A real-world single-centre analysis of alemtuzumab and cladribine for multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Bose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of alemtuzumab in the treatment of active relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicenter, observational study","author":"Jakob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322578","article-title":"Multicentre, prospective, randomised study comparing the diagnostic yield of colon capsule endoscopy versus CT colonography in a screening population (the TOPAZ study)","volume":"70","author":"Cash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61769-3","article-title":"Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"380","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802670","article-title":"Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"359","author":"Coles","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61768-1","article-title":"Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"380","author":"Coles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0009","first-page":"P1188","article-title":"Alemtuzumab durably improves clinical outcomes in patients with active RRMS in the absence of continuous treatment: 7-year follow-up of CARE-MS I patients (TOPAZ study)","volume":"23","author":"Coles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519888610","article-title":"Efficacy of alemtuzumab in relapsing-remitting MS patients who received additional courses after the initial two courses: pooled analysis of the CARE-MS, extension, and TOPAZ studies","volume":"26","author":"Comi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518816612","article-title":"Immune thrombocytopenia in alemtuzumab-treated MS patients: incidence, detection, and man- agement","volume":"26","author":"Cuker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101504","article-title":"Alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis in real-world clinical practice: a report from a single Italian center","volume":"38","author":"Di Ioia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09272-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in a real-life cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"266","author":"Frau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09424-8","article-title":"Outcomes after fingolimod to alemtuzumab treatment shift in relapsing-remitting MS patients: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"266","author":"Frau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman, M.S., Kaplan, J.M., & Markovic-Plese, S. (2013). Insights into the mechanisms of the therapeutic efficacy of alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9899.1000152"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.04.006","article-title":"Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis?","volume":"4","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003319","article-title":"CARE-MS II Investigators. Alemtuzumab improves preexisting disability in active relapsing-remitting MS patients","volume":"87","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004313","article-title":"Alemtuzumab CARE-MS I 5-year follow-up: durable efficacy in the absence of continuous MS therapy","volume":"89","author":"Havrdova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102619","article-title":"A real-world cohort analysis of alemtuzumab outcomes in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Herman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03115.x","article-title":"Investigation of the mechanism of action of alemtuzumab in a human CD52 transgenic mouse model","volume":"128","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8871-2","article-title":"Alemtuzumab as rescue therapy in a cohort of 50 relapsing\u2013remitting MS patients with breakthrough disease on fingolimod: a multi-center obser- vational study","volume":"265","author":"Huhn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2019.15.3.328","article-title":"Therapeutic outcome of alemtuzumab in Korean patients with multiple sclerosis: 2-year follow- up","volume":"15","author":"Hyun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0049","first-page":"2052","article-title":"IL-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H)","volume":"119","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0011","unstructured":"LEMTRADA [Summary of product characteristics] January 2020. Diegem Belgium: Sanofi Belgium."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0017","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/lemtrada-epar-product-information_en.pdf, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31320-4","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: prospects for disease therapy, repair, and restoration of function","volume":"389","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00359","article-title":"Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid dysfunction exhibits distinctive clinical and immunological features","volume":"103","author":"Pariani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003379","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis during treatment with alemtuzumab in 3 patients with RRMS","volume":"87","author":"Pfeuffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325304","article-title":"Impact of previous disease-modifying treatment on effectiveness and safety outcomes, among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with alemtuzumab","volume":"92","author":"Pfeuffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519841829","article-title":"Incidence, management, and outcomes of autoimmune nephropathies following alemtuzumab treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Phelps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9070-x","article-title":"No evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3) and disability improvement after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: a 36-month real-world study","volume":"265","author":"Prosperini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103670","article-title":"A national, multi-center study in Germany to assess implementation of infusion management, treatment satisfaction and quality of life in MS patients receiving alemtuzumab","volume":"59","author":"R\u00e4uber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039416","article-title":"Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibit heterogeneous CD52 expression levels and show differential sensitivity to alemtuzumab mediated cytolysis","volume":"7","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety of alemtuzumab in a nationwide cohort of Finnish multiple sclerosis patients","author":"Rauma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3233\/JRS-191029","article-title":"Alemtuzumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis in clinical practice: a four-year retrospective one-center study","volume":"31","author":"de Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Risk Saf. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01564","article-title":"Immunological aspects of approved MS therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Rommer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16414","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160716414","article-title":"Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis: mechanism of action and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Ruck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15121","article-title":"A real-world study of alemtuzumab in a cohort of Italian patients","volume":"29","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09983-1","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in patients with RRMS: 12-year follow-up of CAMMS223","volume":"267","author":"Steingo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211003291","article-title":"Alemtuzumab treatment in Denmark: a national study based on the danish multiple sclerosis registry","volume":"27","author":"Theodorsdottir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519881759","article-title":"Efficacy of alemtuzumab over 6\u2009years in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients who relapsed between courses 1 and 2: post hoc analysis of the CARE-MS studies","volume":"26","author":"Van Wijmeersch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515614092","article-title":"Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis: long term follow-up in a multi-centre cohort","volume":"22","author":"Willis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101459","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: 2019 revisions to the MENACTRIMS guidelines","volume":"37","author":"Yamout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617722706","article-title":"Alemtuzumab in the long-term treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an update on the clinical trial evidence and data from the real world","volume":"10","author":"Ziemssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0029","first-page":"841","article-title":"Alemtuzumab in a large real-life cohort: interim baseline data of the TREAT-MS study","author":"Ziemssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01375-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab treatment in a real-world cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"121","author":"Zmira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482300216X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482300216X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1761901570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221103482300216X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S221103482300216X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2211-0348"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A real-life study of alemtuzumab in persons with multiple sclerosis: Kuwait's experience","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104712","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104712"}}