{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:15:53Z","timestamp":1781298953710,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T08:29:25Z","timestamp":1687681765000},"page":"104830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Radiological abnormalities in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Identifying typical and atypical imaging patterns for early diagnosis and differential considerations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neetu","family":"Soni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Ora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Mangla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehanaz","family":"Ellika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Bathla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0001","first-page":"93","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease","volume":"81","author":"Astrom","year":"1958","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0002","first-page":"109","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: current Insights","volume":"9","author":"Kartau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00138","article-title":"Understanding progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk in multiple sclerosis patients treated with immunomodulatory therapies: a bird's eye view","volume":"9","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70028-4","article-title":"Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases","volume":"9","author":"Clifford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease","volume":"17","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-016-1463-5","article-title":"Imaging in viral infections of the central nervous system: can images speak for an acutely ill brain?","volume":"24","author":"Maller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13906","article-title":"The spectrum of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a practical approach","volume":"26","author":"Bartsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1471-7","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)","volume":"130","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513510224","article-title":"The chameleon of neuroinflammation: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Wattjes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.01.002","article-title":"T cell deficiencies as a common risk factor for drug associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"223","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0592-2","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the absence of immunosuppression","volume":"24","author":"Zucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab419","article-title":"The neuroradiology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a clinical trial perspective","volume":"145","author":"Baldassari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.632535","article-title":"Clinical presentation and disease course of 37 consecutive cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) at a German tertiary-care hospital: a retrospective observational study","volume":"12","author":"Graf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.31","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a comparative study","volume":"66","author":"Boster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN neuroinfectious disease section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318261","article-title":"Performance of PML diagnostic criteria in natalizumab-associated PML: data from the Dutch-Belgian cohort","volume":"90","author":"Wijburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315298","article-title":"Application of the CSF JCV antibody index to early natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"88","author":"Warnke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.019","article-title":"The value of anti-JCV antibody index assessment in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab with respect to demographic, clinical and radiological findings","volume":"30","author":"Kolcava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12562","article-title":"Development of demyelinating lesions in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): comparison of magnetic resonance images and neuropathology of post-mortem brain","volume":"39","author":"Ono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23676","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging pattern in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"72","author":"Yousry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002586","article-title":"Punctate pattern: a promising imaging marker for the diagnosis of natalizumab-associated PML","volume":"86","author":"Hodel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4436","article-title":"Brain magnetic susceptibility changes in patients with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"36","author":"Hodel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000099","article-title":"Diagnosis of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy using MRI","volume":"27","author":"Wattjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-304986","article-title":"Punctate lesion pattern suggestive of perivascular inflammation in acute natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: productive JC virus infection or preclinical PML-IRIS manifestation?","volume":"84","author":"Wattjes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313772","article-title":"MRI criteria differentiating asymptomatic PML from new MS lesions during natalizumab pharmacovigilance","volume":"87","author":"Wijburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0094","article-title":"Association of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesion volume with JC virus polymerase chain reaction results in cerebrospinal fluid of natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Wijburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14435","article-title":"Clearance of JC polyomavirus from cerebrospinal fluid following treatment with interleukin-2 and pembrolizumab in an individual with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and no underlying immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Goereci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6072","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging hypointense rim in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: the end point of neuroinflammation and a potential outcome predictor","volume":"40","author":"Thurnher","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21085","article-title":"Inflammatory progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009211019374","article-title":"Understanding progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: links between milky-way appearance and mismatch T2\/FLAIR","volume":"34","author":"Ruiz Romagnoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.02.020","article-title":"A game of viral hide and seek: miliary PML masquerading as EBV encephalitis in an HIV+ patient","volume":"115","author":"Gheuens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0845-1","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Cosottini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2024","article-title":"Use of diffusion-weighted imaging to evaluate the initial response of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy to highly active antiretroviral therapy: early experience","volume":"31","author":"Buckle","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318268465b","article-title":"Metabolic profile of PML lesions in patients with and without IRIS: an observational study","volume":"79","author":"Gheuens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00454","article-title":"Insight into metabolic (1)H-MRS changes in natalizumab induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy brain lesions","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt268","article-title":"Hyperperfusion in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is associated with disease progression and absence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Khoury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0037","first-page":"27","article-title":"Imaging findings for PML in natalizumab-treated MS patients","volume":"18","author":"Richert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0038","article-title":"Neuroimaging of natalizumab complications in multiple sclerosis: PML and other associated entities","volume":"2015","author":"Honce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307582","article-title":"Clinical and paraclinical findings in natalizumab-associated infratentorial progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients","volume":"85","author":"Hoepner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7145","article-title":"MRI shrimp sign in cerebellar progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: description and validation of a novel observation","volume":"42","author":"Adra","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz144","article-title":"Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines","volume":"142","author":"Filippi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1086\/598335","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over 20 years of the Swiss HIV cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Khanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809113482","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with HIV infection","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098612453849","article-title":"Treatment-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: current understanding and future steps","volume":"3","author":"Zaheer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60355-7","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an immunocompetent Taiwanese patient","volume":"106","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12963","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy","volume":"23","author":"Sainz-de-la-Maza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01188","article-title":"Severe progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and spontaneous immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"10","author":"Krey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.01.006","article-title":"Classifying PML risk with disease modifying therapies","volume":"12","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107829","article-title":"Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"366","author":"Bloomgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319208","article-title":"Early diagnosis of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: longitudinal lesion evolution","volume":"90","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003740","article-title":"No evidence of beneficial effects of plasmapheresis in natalizumab-associated PML","volume":"88","author":"Landi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316886","article-title":"Inflammatory natalizumab-associated PML: baseline characteristics, lesion evolution and relation with PML-IRIS","volume":"89","author":"Wattjes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000171","article-title":"7T MRI in natalizumab-associated PML and ongoing MS disease activity: a case study","volume":"2","author":"Sinnecker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1407-2","article-title":"Extensive immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Fingolimod-associated PML: a case report with 7 Tesla MRI data","volume":"19","author":"Sinnecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111115","article-title":"Compositional changes of B and T cell subtypes during fingolimod treatment in multiple sclerosis patients: a 12-month follow-up study","volume":"9","author":"Claes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1815","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005529","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after fingolimod treatment","volume":"90","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0057","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of fingolimod-associated PML-IRIS","volume":"2","author":"Cuello-Oderiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12992","article-title":"Frequency and clinical characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis rebounds after withdrawal of Fingolimod","volume":"24","author":"Evangelopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02839-3","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after fingolimod cessation? A case report","volume":"22","author":"Mickeviciene","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103329","article-title":"Rebound activity after fingolimod cessation: a case - control study","volume":"57","author":"Barboza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13694","article-title":"Clinical activity after fingolimod cessation: disease reactivation or rebound?","volume":"25","author":"Frau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-019-00160-9","article-title":"Fingolimod rebound: a review of the clinical experience and management considerations","volume":"8","author":"Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00848-z","article-title":"Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy using immune restoration","volume":"17","author":"Dunham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102499","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesion and brain parenchymal segmentation from MRI using serial deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"28","author":"Al-Louzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0419-y","article-title":"Recurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy despite immune recovery in two HIV seropositive individuals","volume":"22","author":"Crossley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001020","article-title":"Allogeneic BK virus-specific T-Cell treatment in 2 patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"8","author":"Hopfner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034823003322?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034823003322?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T14:09:13Z","timestamp":1737641353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034823003322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2211034823003322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Radiological abnormalities in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Identifying typical and atypical imaging patterns for early diagnosis and differential considerations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104830","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104830"}}