{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:52:49Z","timestamp":1791899569022,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002966","name":"Sivas Cumhuriyet \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T-757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T-757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T11:30:54Z","timestamp":1688815854000},"page":"104871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxoplasma gondii and multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control seroprevalence study, Central Anatolia, Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"G\u00fclg\u00fcn","family":"Sevimligul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubeyda Ak\u0131n","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyda Figul","family":"Gokce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","article-title":"The one health approach to toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, control, and prevention strategies","volume":"16","author":"Aguirre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.007","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: stages of the protozoan life cycle and risk assessment in humans and animals for an enhanced awareness and an improved socio-economic status","volume":"28","author":"Al-Malki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579693","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: from risk factors to prevention-an update","volume":"36","author":"Ascherio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04445-z","article-title":"The life-cycle of Toxoplasma gondii reviewed using animations","volume":"13","author":"Attias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-012-8352-9","article-title":"The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity","volume":"45","author":"Ben-Ami Shor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15055","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Cicero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12431","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr vir\u00fcs infection","volume":"132","author":"Correale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-013-8402-2","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: bystander or cofactor in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247663.40297.2d","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"67","author":"Fleming","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1808-112","article-title":"Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in an urban population of Sivas province in Turkey","volume":"49","author":"Gokce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122531","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: current and emerging parasite druggable targets","volume":"9","author":"Hajj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0013","unstructured":"Herzerjaribi, H.Z., Azadeh, H., Niksolat, F., et\u00a0al., 2021. Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematous diseases: serological and molecular evidence Ann Parasitol. 67, 223-228."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.06.016","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03010.x","article-title":"Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis:immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?","volume":"126","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04619.x","article-title":"Anti-infectious antibodies and autoimmune-associated autoantibodies in patients with type I diabetes mellitus and their close family members","volume":"1173","author":"Krause","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.05.005","article-title":"Infections and autoimmunity-friends or foes?","volume":"30","author":"Kivity","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.04.004","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection protective against multiple sclerosis risk?","volume":"15","author":"K\u00f6skderelioglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.29.1.60","article-title":"Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Israel. II. Multiple sclerosis and level of sanitation","volume":"29","author":"Leibowitz","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.07.001","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"35","author":"Lourido","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00020","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and multiple sclerosis: An age-and a gender-matched case-control seroprevalence study","volume":"10","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0022","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: systematic review and prevalence snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00992.x","article-title":"Immunology of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"240","author":"Munoz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0024","first-page":"9","article-title":"Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies","volume":"1","author":"Naing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Orofac. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75830-y","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","article-title":"Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0027","first-page":"58","article-title":"Relationship of Toxoplasma gondii exposure with multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Oru\u00e7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0028","first-page":"1578","article-title":"Frequency of bloodtissue parasitic infections in patients with multiple sclerosis, as compared to their family members","volume":"5","author":"Pestehchian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"issue":"322","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.06.011","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii playing a positive role in multiple sclerosis risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Saberi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases","volume":"39","author":"Shapira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1899-6","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: determinants of tachyzoite to bradyzoite conversion","volume":"107","author":"Skariah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762","article-title":"Viruses and autoimmunity: a aeview on the potential interaction and molecular mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Smatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.011","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity is negatively associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"285","author":"Stascheit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1376","article-title":"Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17 producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Stumhofer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04528-x","article-title":"Behavioral biology of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0306-7","article-title":"Unraveling the hygiene hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications","volume":"13","author":"Versini","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309345735","article-title":"Parasitic infection and autoimmunity","volume":"18","author":"Zandman-Goddard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034823003723?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034823003723?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:09:20Z","timestamp":1778522960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034823003723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2211034823003723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxoplasma gondii and multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control seroprevalence study, Central Anatolia, Turkey","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104871","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104871"}}