{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T11:09:26Z","timestamp":1778843366005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP316901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP316901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020598","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020598","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National MS Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG3364A1\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG3364A1\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001038","name":"Menzies Research Institute Tasmania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000995","name":"Australian National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001797","name":"Curtin University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T11:52:38Z","timestamp":1705924358000},"page":"105468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A pro-inflammatory diet is associated with long-term depression and anxiety levels but not fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0942-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Saul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BV","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Blizzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Simpson-Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WH","family":"Oddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JR","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LJ","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AL","family":"Ponsonby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SA","family":"Broadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Lechner-Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9009-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I","family":"van der Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512450351","article-title":"Prevalence and concurrence of anxiety, depression and fatigue over time in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00021","article-title":"Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a look at the role of poor sleep","volume":"6","author":"Strober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12554","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and fatigue at 5-year review following CNS demyelination","volume":"134","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002093","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation","volume":"114","author":"Minihane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.11606\/S1518-8787.2019053001154","article-title":"The role of food processing in the inflammatory potential of diet during pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1303016","article-title":"The role of diet in multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"21","author":"Esposito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867421998795","article-title":"A systematic review of the antidepressant effects of curcumin: Beyond monoamines theory","author":"Matias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25518","article-title":"Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"232","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081873","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: A Narrative Review","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab037","article-title":"The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and depression: a meta-analysis","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.08.029","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and mental health: A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship with depressive symptoms, anxiety and well-being in adults","volume":"37","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0014","first-page":"11","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue","author":"Hass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820af93d","article-title":"Sun exposure and vitamin D are independent risk factors for CNS demyelination","volume":"76","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0191","article-title":"Associations between silicone skin cast score, cumulative sun exposure, and other factors in the ausimmune study: a multicenter Australian study","volume":"18","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0017","first-page":"19","article-title":"Development of the Melbourne FFQ: a food frequency questionnaire for use in an Australian prospective study involving an ethnically diverse cohort","volume":"3","author":"Ireland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy071","article-title":"Perspective: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)-Lessons Learned, Improvements Made, and Future Directions","volume":"10","author":"Hebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6516.344","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"292","author":"Snaith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509347150","article-title":"Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for use with multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Honarmand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","article-title":"The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"46","author":"Krupp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1601","article-title":"Validation of the fatigue severity scale in a Swiss cohort","volume":"31","author":"Valko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn229","article-title":"A structured approach to modelling the effects of binary exposure variables over the life course","volume":"38","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0025","first-page":"1271","article-title":"A structured approach to hypotheses involving continuous exposures over the life course","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0026","series-title":"Causal Inference: What If","author":"Hernan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0027","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package 'dagitty'","volume":"45","author":"Textor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176","article-title":"Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology","volume":"155","author":"Hernan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","article-title":"Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies","volume":"65","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503261164","article-title":"Do negative emotions predict alcohol consumption, saturated fat intake, and physical activity in older adults?","volume":"29","author":"Anton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Modificat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0031","series-title":"A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in man. Wasthington D.C","author":"Harris","year":"1919"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0032","first-page":"569","article-title":"Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording","volume":"45","author":"Goldberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000379","article-title":"Establishing the Minimal Clinically Important Difference for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"39","author":"Lemay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0492-2","article-title":"Gut microbiome and multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bhargava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2382","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2382","article-title":"Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing?","volume":"369","author":"Firth","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034824000476?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034824000476?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:28:52Z","timestamp":1778840932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034824000476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S2211034824000476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A pro-inflammatory diet is associated with long-term depression and anxiety levels but not fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105468","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105468"}}