{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:40:48Z","timestamp":1789015248855,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T12:23:37Z","timestamp":1737980617000},"page":"106299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Allopurinol use and risk of multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6130-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida M.","family":"Heerfordt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Framke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Windfeld-Mathiasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Magyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.247","article-title":"Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease","volume":"66","author":"Ascherio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0002","article-title":"Allopurinol treatment in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Assaleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00718-z","article-title":"The immunology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Attfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20761","article-title":"Intake of purine-rich foods, protein, and dairy products and relationship to serum levels of uric acid: the third national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054722","article-title":"Oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to demyelination and axonal damage in a cerebellar culture model of neuroinflammation","volume":"8","author":"di Penta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis - a review","volume":"26","author":"Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01916-y","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00246.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: comparison of the poser criteria and the new McDonald criteria","volume":"109","author":"Fangerau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0348-9","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: the need for effective antioxidant therapy","volume":"251","author":"Gilgun-Sherki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509360547","article-title":"Boosting endogenous neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: the association of inosine and interferon beta in relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis (ASIIMS) trial","volume":"16","author":"Gonsette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17338","article-title":"Reevaluating the role of interferon-beta in psoriasis pathogenesis: a registry-based self-controlled study","volume":"51","author":"Heerfordt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002894","article-title":"Effect of occupation on risk of developing MS: an insurance cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Horwitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394715","article-title":"Danish education registers","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3377","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3377","article-title":"Plasma antioxidant potential measured by total radical trapping antioxidant parameter in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"14","author":"Kartau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01921","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1921","article-title":"The Danish multiple sclerosis registry","volume":"11","author":"Magyari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5170-y","article-title":"Serum uric acid and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"256","author":"Massa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00254","article-title":"Serum uric acid level and multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"11","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1164756","article-title":"Uric acid and neurological disease: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Otani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.1.6","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol","volume":"58","author":"Pacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0497-4","article-title":"Urate as a marker of risk and progression of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"14","author":"Paganoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish civil registration system","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00295","article-title":"Allopurinol reduces antigen-specific and polyclonal activation of human T cells","volume":"3","author":"P\u00e9rez-Mazliah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0023","first-page":"798","article-title":"Data resource profile: the Danish national prescription registry","volume":"46","author":"Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","article-title":"The Danish national patient registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1119oa","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Schwarz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0026","article-title":"Allopurinol for chronic gout","volume":"2014","author":"Seth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00319-2","article-title":"Association between serum urate and flares in people with gout and evidence for surrogate status: a secondary analysis of two randomised controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Stamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0028","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark, 2018. Municipality groups v1:2018- [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.dst.dk\/en\/Statistik\/dokumentation\/nomenklaturer\/kommunegrupper (accessed 1.16.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91533-G","article-title":"Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis","volume":"336","author":"Swank","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00384.x","article-title":"Serum uric acid levels in multiple sclerosis patients correlate with activity of disease and blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Toncev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.05.008","article-title":"Low serum uric acid levels in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825000434?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825000434?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T02:04:28Z","timestamp":1739498668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825000434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S2211034825000434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Allopurinol use and risk of multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106299","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106299"}}