{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:45:46Z","timestamp":1790423146610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T03:25:12Z","timestamp":1738207512000},"page":"106302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The value of CSF diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in NMOSD and MOGAD in real-life use"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Johnsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Rosenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Novakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Malmestr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Lycke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sandgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Axelsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108599","article-title":"High nationwide incidence of multiple sclerosis in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"882\u2013888","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0040","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: a potential biomarker for progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"258","author":"Axelsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"43\u201350","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0041","article-title":"Immunosuppressive therapy reduces axonal damage in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Axelsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020222","article-title":"Neuroinflammation is associated with GFAP and sTREM2 levels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Azzolini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0024","article-title":"Increased age and male sex are independently associated with higher frequency of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction using the albumin quotient","volume":"17","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids. Barriers. CNS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab150","article-title":"Pathobiology, diagnosis, and current biomarkers in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Fiala","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0026","article-title":"A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for neurofilament light in cerebrospinal fluid: analytical validation and clinical evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Gaetani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"83\u201389","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0039","article-title":"Axonal damage in relapsing multiple sclerosis is markedly reduced by natalizumab","volume":"69","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00197.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid markers in MS patients and their healthy siblings","volume":"109","author":"Haghighi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02450-w","article-title":"CSF GFAP levels in double seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: no evidence of astrocyte damage","volume":"19","author":"Hyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0001","article-title":"The history of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"10","author":"Jarius","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"82\u201390","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0020","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures","volume":"306","author":"Jarius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","article-title":"MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing","volume":"15","author":"Jarius","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"262","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0021","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 2: results from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Jarius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"261","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0022","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients","volume":"17","author":"Jarius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"3341\u20133368","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0002","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis optica study group (NEMOS). Part I: diagnosis and differential diagnosis","volume":"270","author":"Jarius","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"103846","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0029","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid precursor protein as a potential biomarker of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Johansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007746","article-title":"Epidemiology of NMOSD in Sweden from 1987 to 2013","volume":"93","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312676","article-title":"Myelin injury without astrocytopathy in neuroinflammatory disorders with MOG antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Kaneko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0031","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein in blood as a disease biomarker of Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322286","article-title":"CSF levels of glutamine synthetase and GFAP to explore astrocytic damage in seronegative NMOSD","volume":"91","author":"Kleerekooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.2811","article-title":"Time to treat first acute attack of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"81","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"issue":"473\u2013477","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0003","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000098880.19793.B6","article-title":"Neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein as biological markers in MS","volume":"61","author":"Malmestrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"925\u2013930","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0019","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acid protein: functions and involvement in disease","volume":"90","author":"McKeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.150698","article-title":"Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillar acidic protein in neuromyelitis optica: an astrocytic damage marker","volume":"80","author":"Misu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.P4.133","article-title":"A multicentric cross-sectional study of the usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid-glial fibrillary acidic protein (CSF-GFAP) in the diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases (P40.133)","volume":"82","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142988.49341.D1","article-title":"Neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Norgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194828","article-title":"Searching for neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis at clinical onset: diagnostic value of biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Novakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.196550","article-title":"Glial but not axonal protein biomarkers as a new supportive diagnostic criteria for Devic neuromyelitis optica? Preliminary results on 188 patients with different neurological diseases","volume":"82","author":"Petzold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90011-6","article-title":"A sensitive ELISA for glial fibrillary acidic protein: application in CSF of adults","volume":"51","author":"Rosengren","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"issue":"4412\u20134422","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0034","article-title":"Association of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein with progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"271","author":"Rosenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"71\u201391","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0030","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a current review","volume":"19","author":"Schindler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070885","article-title":"NMOSD-diagnostic dilemmas leading towards final diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.215.55","article-title":"A prominent elevation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid during relapse in neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"215","author":"Takano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e2414b","article-title":"Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study","volume":"75","author":"Takano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"162\u2013173","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0007","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"181\u2013183","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0012","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels are increased during initial neuromyelitis optica attacks","volume":"421","author":"Uzawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000494976","article-title":"Cytokines and tissue damage biomarkers in first-onset Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders: significance of interleukin-6","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation."},{"issue":"177\u2013189","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0005","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200309","article-title":"A simple score (MOG-AR) to identify individuals at high risk of relapse after MOGAD attack","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482500046X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482500046X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T09:17:14Z","timestamp":1740647834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221103482500046X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S221103482500046X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The value of CSF diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in NMOSD and MOGAD in real-life use","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106302","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106302"}}