{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T12:09:53Z","timestamp":1794485393471,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T17:45:45Z","timestamp":1748195145000},"page":"106553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multiple sclerosis is associated with worse body composition across compartments: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara A.","family":"Pilutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.J.","family":"Cederberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Motl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103133","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk estimated in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024240","article-title":"Correlation of circulating omentin-1 with bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: the crosstalk between bone and adipose tissue","volume":"6","author":"Assadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155639","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"146","author":"Axelrod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0004","first-page":"19","article-title":"Factors affecting bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"12","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.010","article-title":"Measures of adiposity differentially correlate with C-reactive protein among persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Baynard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000669","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis is associated with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Bisson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3682","article-title":"Accuracy of FRAX\u00ae in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Bisson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0008","first-page":"1331","article-title":"Medication and bone health in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Cahyadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105049","article-title":"Excess weight increases the risk of sarcopenia in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.028","article-title":"Current technologies in body composition assessment: advantages and disadvantages","volume":"62","author":"Ceniccola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101864","article-title":"Determinants of low bone mineral density in people with multiple sclerosis: role of physical activity","volume":"38","author":"Cleland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0012","first-page":"43","article-title":"Body fat distribution and plasma lipid profiles of patients with multiple sclerosis. Turk","volume":"34","author":"Comoglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8676-8","article-title":"Changes in disability in people with multiple sclerosis: a 10-year prospective study","volume":"265","author":"Conradsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1038393","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and obesity: the role of adipokines","volume":"13","author":"Correale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.1161","article-title":"Fracture history and bone loss in patients with MS","volume":"51","author":"Cosman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105010","article-title":"Body metrics are associated with clinical, free-living, and self-report measures of mobility in a cohort of adults with obesity and multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Cozart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0018","first-page":"9","article-title":"Bone loss with multiple sclerosis: effect of glucocorticoid use and functional status","volume":"13","author":"Dabbaghmanesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2019.1622873","article-title":"Body mass index in patients with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Dardiotis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00359.x","article-title":"Hypermetabolism in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"4","author":"Deisenhammer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512453362","article-title":"Bone health and multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Dobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000521241","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement","volume":"15","author":"Donini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519900942","article-title":"Association of body mass index with longitudinal rates of retinal atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Filippatou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845836","article-title":"Measures of general and abdominal obesity and disability severity in a large population of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900309","article-title":"Reduced bone mass and fat-free mass in women with multiple sclerosis: effects of ambulatory status and glucocorticoid use","volume":"61","author":"Formica","year":"1997","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102502","article-title":"Does obesity exacerbate brain lesion volume and atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis?","volume":"46","author":"Galioto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0028","article-title":"MS care: integrating advanced therapies and holistic management","volume":"14","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518763541","article-title":"Association of smoking but not HLA-DRB1\u00d715:01, APOE or body mass index with brain atrophy in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Graetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-023-01159-z","article-title":"Management of osteoporosis, fracture and falls in people with multiple sclerosis: systematic review of guidelines","volume":"114","author":"Grech","year":"2024","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.244","article-title":"Frequency, characteristics, and consequences of falls in multiple sclerosis: findings from a cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Gunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104855","article-title":"The relation of sarcopenia and disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Haider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.01.006","article-title":"Altered signaling for mitochondrial and myofibrillar biogenesis in skeletal muscles of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"166","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0034","series-title":"Statistical Methods For Meta-Analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082493","article-title":"The utility of body composition assessment in nutrition and clinical practice: an overview of current methodology","volume":"13","author":"Holmes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X1000800203","article-title":"Comparison of the bone turn-over markers in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy control subjects","volume":"8","author":"Hossein-Nezhad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2014.988332","article-title":"BMI levels with MS bone mineral density levels in adults with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002312","article-title":"Updated systematic review and quantitative synthesis of physical activity levels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Jeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.01.373","article-title":"FRAX and its applications to clinical practice","volume":"44","author":"Kanis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.08.011","article-title":"Elevated cardiovascular risk factors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Keytsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1395086","article-title":"Impact of high-intensity concurrent training on cardiovascular risk factors in persons with multiple sclerosis \u2013 pilot study","volume":"41","author":"Keytsman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.018","article-title":"Periodized home-based training: a new strategy to improve high intensity exercise therapy adherence in mildly affected patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Keytsman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061021","article-title":"Body composition and its outcomes and management in multiple sclerosis: narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Kidwell-Chandler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-012-0123-0","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between vitamin D and bone mineral density in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Kirbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-019-00359-9","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: epidemiologic evidence, pathophysiology, and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Koliaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0047","first-page":"136","article-title":"Investigation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin levels in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"36","author":"Kurban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200110000-00001","article-title":"Muscle strength and fatigue during isokinetic exercise in individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.35663","article-title":"Body composition in ambulatory women with multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Lambert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0050","series-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329685","article-title":"Association of obesity with disease outcome in multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Lutfullin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12048","article-title":"SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.024","article-title":"Energy expenditure and oxygen consumption during activities of daily living in people with multiple sclerosis and healthy subjects: an ecological approach to estimate real-life fatigue and fatigability","volume":"102","author":"Manca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1197195","article-title":"Etiology, effects and management of comorbidities in multiple sclerosis: recent advances","volume":"14","author":"Marrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182242d34","article-title":"Low bone mass in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Moen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045703","article-title":"Bone turnover and metabolism in patients with early multiple sclerosis and prevalent bone mass deficit: a population-based case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Moen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0057","first-page":"9","article-title":"Assessment of bone densitometry in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Moghaddasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0059","article-title":"Obesity and multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Mokry","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.036","article-title":"Ratings of perceived exertion during aerobic exercise in multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006644","article-title":"Body mass index, but not vitamin D status, is associated with brain volume change in MS","volume":"91","author":"Mowry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-005-0604-9","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: effect of ambulatory status and functional capacity","volume":"23","author":"Ozgocmen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa151","article-title":"Estimated and projected burden of multiple sclerosis attributable to smoking and childhood and adolescent high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment","volume":"49","author":"Pakpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.09.014","article-title":"Body mass index underestimates adiposity in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Pilutti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132833","article-title":"Effect of whole-body cryotherapy on morphological, rheological and biochemical indices of blood in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Ptaszek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8030132","article-title":"Effects of exercise, rehabilitation, and nutritional approaches on body composition and bone density in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Rinaldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0069","series-title":"Meta-analytic Procedures For Social Research","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101889","article-title":"Obesity, dieting, and multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0071","first-page":"177","article-title":"Clinical definition of sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Santilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122689","article-title":"Obesity and multiple sclerosis - A multifaceted association","volume":"10","author":"Schreiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000928","article-title":"Predicting disability worsening in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Simmons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.04.012","article-title":"Body composition in ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Sioka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0623-3","article-title":"Bone mineral density in ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Sioka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5751-10-3","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis patients in northwest Greece","volume":"10","author":"Sioka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Negat. Results Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030920","article-title":"The association between body mass index and leisure-time physical activity in adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"So","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.01.044","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density and bone metabolism markers in premenopausal women with multiple sclerosis and the relationship to clinical variables","volume":"17","author":"Terzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms966oa","article-title":"Bone status in multiple sclerosis: beyond corticosteroids","volume":"9","author":"T\u00fcz\u00fcn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519892491","article-title":"The effect of sex on multiple sclerosis risk and disease progression","volume":"26","author":"Voskuhl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2012.08.0144","article-title":"Body composition and physical function in women with multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50862","article-title":"Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review","volume":"6","author":"Waubant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108158","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis affects skeletal muscle characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Wens","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.10.009","article-title":"Skeletal muscle dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: a physiological target for improving physical function and mobility","volume":"104","author":"Willingham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.10.003","article-title":"Body composition differences between adults with multiple sclerosis and BMI-matched controls without MS","volume":"11","author":"Wingo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0086","first-page":"8","article-title":"Body composition analysis techniques in the aged adult: indications and limitations","volume":"12","author":"Woodrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520928061","article-title":"Higher body mass index at ages 16 to 20\u2009years is associated with increased risk of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in subsequent adulthood among men","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0414-0","article-title":"Imaging body composition in cancer patients: visceral obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity may impact on clinical outcome","volume":"6","author":"Yip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103471","article-title":"Sarcopenia in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Yuksel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0090","article-title":"Lack of association between pulse steroid therapy and bone mineral density in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"2016","author":"Zengin Karahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932299","article-title":"Bone mineral density and body composition in men with multiple sclerosis chronically treated with low-dose glucocorticoids","volume":"61","author":"Zik\u00e1n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104726","article-title":"Screening for osteoporosis in people with MS: a new risk score","volume":"74","author":"Zinganell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.00988.x","article-title":"Long-term effects of intravenous high dose methylprednisolone pulses on bone mineral density in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Zorzon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825002950?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825002950?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1755650412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825002950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S2211034825002950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multiple sclerosis is associated with worse body composition across compartments: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106553","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106553"}}