{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:17:06Z","timestamp":1790813826689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:40:01Z","timestamp":1751384401000},"page":"106596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis: Markers of neuroinflammation or footprints of vascular pathology?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Preziosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2358-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0001","first-page":"376","article-title":"Sandlike appearance of Virchow-Robin spaces in early multiple sclerosis: a novel neuroradiologic marker","volume":"23","author":"Achiron","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1862-7","article-title":"Convective influx\/glymphatic system: tracers injected into the CSF enter and leave the brain along separate periarterial basement membrane pathways","volume":"136","author":"Albargothy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1159\/000337427","article-title":"Significance of Virchow-Robin spaces in patients newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in an Arab population","volume":"21","author":"Al-Saeed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19781-5","article-title":"Perivascular spaces segmentation in brain MRI using optimal 3D filtering","volume":"8","author":"Ballerini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105523","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging I. Robust, fully-automated assessment of cerebral perivascular spaces and white matter lesions: a multicentre MRI longitudinal study of their evolution and association with risk of dementia and accelerated brain atrophy","volume":"111","author":"Barisano","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119329","article-title":"Imaging perivascular space structure and function using brain MRI","volume":"257","author":"Barisano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241256881","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with brain microangiopathy and aging in multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Borrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105878","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease and glymphatic system dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review","volume":"91","author":"Borrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000027","article-title":"Visualization of perivascular spaces and perforating arteries with 7 T magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"49","author":"Bouvy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013077","article-title":"Physiology and clinical relevance of enlarged perivascular spaces in the aging brain","volume":"98","author":"Bown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2007.00926.x","article-title":"Solutes, but not cells, drain from the brain parenchyma along basement membranes of capillaries and arteries: significance for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neuroimmunology","volume":"34","author":"Carare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10121025","article-title":"The use of the central vein sign in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Castellaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12490","article-title":"Evaluating the association between enlarged perivascular spaces and disease worsening in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Cavallari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14141504","article-title":"Deep cascade of convolutional neural networks for quantification of enlarged perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia in magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Chae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003746","article-title":"MRI-visible perivascular spaces in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive arteriopathy","volume":"88","author":"Charidimou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000438225.02729.04","article-title":"White matter perivascular spaces: an MRI marker in pathology-proven cerebral amyloid angiopathy?","volume":"82","author":"Charidimou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-016-1711-0","article-title":"Dilated perivascular spaces and fatigue: is there a link? Magnetic resonance retrospective 3Tesla study","volume":"58","author":"Conforti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-013-0357-9","article-title":"Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces and multiple sclerosis: 3 T magnetic resonance study","volume":"119","author":"Conforti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201465","article-title":"Differentiating multiple sclerosis from AQP4-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG-antibody disease with imaging","volume":"100","author":"Cortese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231214360","article-title":"A multicenter pilot study evaluating simplified central vein assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Daboul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease-advances since 2013","volume":"22","author":"Duering","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-150","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide impairs amyloid beta efflux from brain: altered vascular sequestration, cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption, peripheral clearance and transporter function at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"9","author":"Erickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.05.018","article-title":"Features of Virchow-Robin spaces in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"80","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201349","article-title":"Determinants of perivascular spaces in the general population: a pooled cohort analysis of individual participant data","volume":"100","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185626","article-title":"Enlarged Virchow Robin spaces associate with cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Favaretto","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae251","article-title":"The ageing central nervous system in multiple sclerosis: the imaging perspective","volume":"147","author":"Filippi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056195","article-title":"Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering","volume":"1496","author":"Frangi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa255","article-title":"Vascular disease and multiple sclerosis: a post-mortem study exploring their relationships","volume":"143","author":"Geraldes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09971-5","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis on magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"267","author":"Granberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02332-4","article-title":"Choroid plexus and perivascular space enlargement in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Gueye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520943785","article-title":"The central vein sign in multiple sclerosis patients with vascular comorbidities","volume":"27","author":"Guisset","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3498","article-title":"Perivascular spaces are associated with atherosclerosis: an insight from the Northern Manhattan study","volume":"34","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211067455","article-title":"Post-mortem correlates of Virchow-Robin spaces detected on in vivo MRI","volume":"42","author":"Haider","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"147","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147ra11","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104631","article-title":"Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces are a marker for arterial disease in multiple sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Ineichen","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0036","article-title":"Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces are a marker for arterial disease in multiple sclerosis","author":"Ineichen","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.024","article-title":"Perivascular spaces and their role in neuroinflammation","volume":"110","author":"Ineichen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0038","article-title":"Dwellers and trespassers: mononuclear phagocytes at the borders of the central nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Ivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514540358","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in MS patients at 7 Tesla MRI: a marker of neurodegeneration?","volume":"21","author":"Kilsdonk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7398","article-title":"Lesion volume in relapsing multiple sclerosis is associated with perivascular space enlargement at the level of the basal ganglia","volume":"43","author":"Kolbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-705","article-title":"Perivascular space is associated with brain atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25146","article-title":"Central vein sign differentiates multiple sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies","volume":"83","author":"Maggi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12966-4","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with the disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"7","author":"Miyata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00399.x","article-title":"Extracellular matrix in multiple sclerosis lesions: fibrillar collagens, biglycan and decorin are upregulated and associated with infiltrating immune cells","volume":"20","author":"Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1555-z","article-title":"Vascular basement membranes as pathways for the passage of fluid into and out of the brain","volume":"131","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28369","article-title":"Automated methods for detecting and quantitation of enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI","volume":"57","author":"Moses","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05073-3","article-title":"Imaging of brain barrier inflammation and brain fluid drainage in human neurological diseases","volume":"81","author":"Okar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1038011","article-title":"The etiology and evolution of magnetic resonance imaging-visible perivascular spaces: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Okar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13263","article-title":"A role for vessel-associated extracellular matrix proteins in multiple sclerosis pathology","volume":"34","author":"Pisa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1997.19130337.x","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia of the human brain: their relationship to lacunes","volume":"191","author":"Pollock","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000375153","article-title":"Cerebral perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging: development of a qualitative rating scale and its observer reliability","volume":"39","author":"Potter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000946","article-title":"Central vein sign and iron rim in multiple sclerosis: ready for clinical use?","volume":"34","author":"Preziosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132528","article-title":"Visible Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease patients and normal elderly from the Sunnybrook dementia study","volume":"43","author":"Ramirez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.020163","article-title":"Arterial stiffness is associated with basal ganglia enlarged perivascular spaces and cerebral small vessel disease load","volume":"49","author":"Riba-Llena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.166","article-title":"The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American imaging in multiple sclerosis cooperative","volume":"12","author":"Sati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2478","article-title":"Evaluation of the central vein sign as a diagnostic imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Sinnecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190527","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces and dementia: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Smeijer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27679","article-title":"Test of the 'glymphatic' hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70212","article-title":"Imaging brain fluid dynamics and waste clearance involving perivascular spaces in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"21","author":"Sole-Guardia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517726383","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of central vein sign for multiple sclerosis with a simplified three-lesion algorithm","volume":"24","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241271988","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of central vein sign versus oligoclonal bands for multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Toljan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.12.003","article-title":"Avenues in the analysis of enlarged perivascular spaces quantified from brain magnetic resonance images acquired at 1.5T and 3T magnetic field strengths","volume":"35","author":"Valdes Hernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104708","article-title":"Dilated Virchow Robin spaces in multiple sclerosis - a generalised marker of disease?","volume":"94","author":"Vivash","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00095-8","article-title":"2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Wattjes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120685","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of automated methods for quantifying enlarged perivascular spaces in the brain","volume":"297","author":"Waymont","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.014330","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease burden is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"47","author":"Wiseman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0069","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces are not associated with vascular co-morbidities, clinical outcomes, and brain volumes in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Wooliscroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn171","article-title":"Perivascular spaces\u2013MRI marker of inflammatory activity in the brain?","volume":"131","author":"Wuerfel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6156","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105505","article-title":"Risk factors of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces are different in various brain regions","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2366","article-title":"Frequency and location of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in elderly people: a population-based 3D MR imaging study","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825003384?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825003384?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:43:52Z","timestamp":1755650632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825003384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["S2211034825003384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis: Markers of neuroinflammation or footprints of vascular pathology?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106596","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106596"}}