{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1780323906441,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011821","name":"Ministry of Education - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021772","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Jordan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2085-290-1443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2085-290-1443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T20:17:43Z","timestamp":1752610663000},"page":"106611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exploring the role of inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis: A comparative perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Ebtisam A.","family":"Alofi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mada A.","family":"Agab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa A.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Matoog","family":"karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Agab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharifa","family":"Albarqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0978-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziza R.","family":"Alrafiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","article-title":"Reading mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01944-9","article-title":"Role of inflammasomes in multiple sclerosis and their potential as therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2018-0046","article-title":"Lifestyle-based modifiable risk factors in multiple sclerosis: review of experimental and clinical findings","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9846-x","article-title":"Cytokine profile in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis and its association with disease progression and disability","volume":"54","author":"Kallaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00531","article-title":"Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"8","author":"Khaibullin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.12.005","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory biomarkers and modifiable lifestyle factors associated with colorectal cancer risk","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0004","article-title":"Circulating interleukins and risk of multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP7UBK8IBVMVNR","article-title":"Analysis of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine serum concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis by using a multiplexed immunoassay","volume":"136","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.01.001","article-title":"Th17 cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and their interplay in EAE and multiple sclerosis","volume":"87","author":"McGinley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1709823","article-title":"Prototypical\u2019 proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1) in multiple sclerosis: role in pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting","volume":"24","author":"Musella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577107","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of mitochondrial DNA and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Nasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-95","article-title":"TH1\/TH2 Cytokine profile in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with glatiramer acetate or natalizumab","volume":"12","author":"Oreja-Guevara","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04381-x","article-title":"Mendelian randomization study to evaluate the effects of interleukin-6 signaling on four neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825003530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825003530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:22:07Z","timestamp":1780039327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825003530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["S2211034825003530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploring the role of inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis: A comparative perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106611","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106611"}}