{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:46:42Z","timestamp":1792601202788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1753771282000},"page":"106658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The 2024 McDonald criteria show comparable sensitivity to previous criteria for late-onset multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Tena-Cucala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8714-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Naval-Baudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Y\u00e9lamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vendrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6137-6583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabet","family":"Matas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Arroyo-Pereiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2223-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Caravaca","family":"Puchades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6099-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Morandeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Y\u00e9lamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8054-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Romero-Pinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2024.09.009","article-title":"Detection of multiple sclerosis lesions by susceptibility-weighted imaging-A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"79","author":"Afkandeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001120","article-title":"Central vein sign profile of newly developing lesions in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Al-Louzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0003","article-title":"Incorporation of the central vein sign into the McDonald criteria","volume":"93","author":"Amin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10121025","article-title":"The use of the Central vein sign in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Castellaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231214360","article-title":"A multicenter pilot study evaluating simplified central vein assessment for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Daboul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2018.07.002","article-title":"Brain and spinal cord MRI lesions in primary progressive vs. relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Dastagir","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00726","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Deisenhammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.02.007","article-title":"White matter lesions in migraine","volume":"191","author":"Eikermann-Haerter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01333-2","article-title":"The impact of aging on multiple sclerosis","author":"Goyne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00184-3","article-title":"Ageing and multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Graves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520943785","article-title":"The central vein sign in multiple sclerosis patients with vascular comorbidities","volume":"27","author":"Guisset","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221134213","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Hegen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0778-x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with late-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"255","author":"Kis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26843","article-title":"Comparing the pathology, clinical, and demographic characteristics of younger and older-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Knowles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071629","article-title":"Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarker in early and late onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Konen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1084661","article-title":"Central vein sign and diffusion MRI differentiate microstructural features within white matter lesions of multiple sclerosis patients with comorbidities","volume":"14","author":"Lapucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519876031","article-title":"The \u201ccentral vein sign\u201d in patients with diagnostic \u201cred flags\u201d for multiple sclerosis: a prospective multicenter 3T study","volume":"26","author":"Maggi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515616700","article-title":"Imaging central veins in brain lesions with 3-T T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates multiple sclerosis from microangiopathic brain lesions","volume":"22","author":"Mistry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0020","series-title":"ECTRIMS: 40th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis","article-title":"Revisions of the McDonald criteria","author":"Montalban","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102816","article-title":"Clinical features of late-onset multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Naseri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.08.002","article-title":"Radiological features of late-onset multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Nasiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-025-01508-5","article-title":"Post-contrast susceptibility weighted imaging in multiple sclerosis MRI improves the detection of enhancing lesions","author":"Naval-Baudin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2024.111358","article-title":"The T1-dark-rim: a novel imaging sign for detecting smoldering inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"173","author":"Naval-Baudin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102834","article-title":"Central vein sign: a diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis (CAVS-MS) study protocol for a prospective multicenter trial","volume":"32","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105132","article-title":"Clinical and radiologic differences between early onset, late onset, and very late onset adult multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Palathinkara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald Criteria","volume":"58","author":"Polman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104103","article-title":"The age at onset of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has increased over the last five decades","volume":"68","author":"Romero-Pinel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.166","article-title":"The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American imaging in multiple sclerosis cooperative","volume":"12","author":"Sati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105469","article-title":"Clinical and demographic characteristics of late-onset multiple sclerosis: LOMS-TR study","volume":"84","author":"S\u0131vac\u0131","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106399","article-title":"Distinct clinical, imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid profiles in people with late-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Steinegger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237475.01655.9d","article-title":"Is late-onset multiple sclerosis associated with a worse outcome?","volume":"67","author":"Tremlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(83)90018-8","article-title":"A rapid method for detecting oligoclonal IgG in unconcentrated CSF, by agarose isoelectric focusing, transfer to cellulose nitrate and immunoperoxidase staining","volume":"4","author":"Walker","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658_bib0036","article-title":"White matter disease derived from vascular and demyelinating origins","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004006?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004006?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:19:26Z","timestamp":1774999166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825004006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S2211034825004006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The 2024 McDonald criteria show comparable sensitivity to previous criteria for late-onset multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106658","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106658"}}