{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:15:37Z","timestamp":1775002537522,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG 4815A2\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG 4815A2\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T07:36:36Z","timestamp":1755243396000},"page":"106677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Differences in upper and lower limb function in persons with multiple sclerosis with vascular comorbidities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"DelMastro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Simaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Constantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Glazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Ranuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Tuorto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Gromisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1994856","article-title":"Understanding and managing autonomic dysfunction in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Adamec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-083","article-title":"Upper Limb Dexterity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: an Important and Underrated Morbidity","volume":"23","author":"Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2018-087","article-title":"Effect of Multiple Sclerosis on Daily Activities, Emotional Well-being, and Relationships: the Global vsMS Survey","volume":"22","author":"Bass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00532","article-title":"Assessment of size ordered recruitment","volume":"8","author":"Bawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103683","article-title":"Distribution and relation of two arm function tests, Box and Blocks test and Nine Hole Peg test, across disease severity levels and types of multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Bertoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat Disord."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514567553","article-title":"Unilateral and bilateral upper limb dysfunction at body functions, activity and participation levels in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Bertoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15053","article-title":"Association between walking pace and incident type 2 diabetes by adiposity level: a prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank","volume":"25","author":"Boonpor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes. Obes. Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080016","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and gait dysfunction: possible explanatory factors","volume":"88","author":"Brach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001289","article-title":"Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs: 2024 Update: a Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"150","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63916-5.00015-X","article-title":"Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis","volume":"159","author":"Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023","article-title":"Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health","volume":"71","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096874","article-title":"Sensory impairments in quiet standing in subjects with multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0013","article-title":"Gait pattern in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Coca-Tapia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics. (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516650512","article-title":"Influence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive lung disease on multiple sclerosis disease course","volume":"23","author":"Conway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2020-014","article-title":"Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis: risk Identification, Intervention, and Future Directions","volume":"22","author":"Coote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. MS. Care"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.871","article-title":"Development of a multiple sclerosis functional composite as a clinical trial outcome measure","volume":"122","author":"Cutter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140604","article-title":"Impact of Diabetic Complications on Balance and Falls: contribution of the Vestibular System","volume":"96","author":"D'Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12930","article-title":"Distribution of muscle fibre conduction velocity for representative samples of motor units in the full recruitment range of the tibialis anterior muscle","volume":"222","author":"Del Vecchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104772","article-title":"Establishment of regression-based normative isometric strength values for major lower limb muscle groups in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"DelMastro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.01.001","article-title":"Lower limb strength differentiates between fallers and nonfallers with multiple sclerosis","author":"DelMastro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1406","article-title":"What is the expectation maximization algorithm?","volume":"26","author":"Do","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690824","article-title":"The Nine-Hole Peg Test as a manual dexterity performance measure for multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Feys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0023","series-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC)","author":"Fischer","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0024","first-page":"244","article-title":"The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite Measure (MSFC): an integrated approach to MS clinical outcome assessment","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"National MS Soc. Clin. Outcomes Assess. Task Force. Mult Scler"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520984746","article-title":"Vascular comorbidity is associated with lower brain volumes and lower neuroperformance in a large multiple sclerosis cohort","volume":"27","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710000367X","article-title":"Standardized finger-nose test validity for coordination assessment in an ataxic disorder","volume":"31","author":"Gagnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020590","article-title":"Effectiveness of Vestibular Training for balance and dizziness rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0028","series-title":"Striated Muscle Dynamics, Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences","author":"Gollapudi","year":"2014"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0029","first-page":"850","article-title":"Upper extremity function in multiple sclerosis: improving assessment sensitivity with box-and-block and nine-hole peg tests","volume":"69","author":"Goodkin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2438254","article-title":"The contributions of vascular comorbidities on self-reported functional issues in persons with multiple sclerosis","author":"Gromisch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hairi, N.N., Cumming, R.G., Naganathan, V., Handelsman, D.J., Le Couteur, D.G., Creasey, H., Waite, L.M., Seibel, M.J., Sambrook, P.N., 2010. Loss of muscle strength, mass (Sarcopenia), and Quality (Specific Force) and Its Relationship with Functional Limitation and Physical Disability: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. 58(11), 2055\u20132062.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03145.x"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.854841","article-title":"Prevalence of joint contractures and muscle weakness in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Hoang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.2.251","article-title":"Disease steps in multiple sclerosis: a simple approach to evaluate disease progression","volume":"45","author":"Hohol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859900500508","article-title":"Disease steps in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study comparing disease steps and EDSS to evaluate disease progression","volume":"5","author":"Hohol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.001","article-title":"Walking pace is inversely associated with risk of death and cardiovascular disease: the Physicians' Health Study","volume":"289","author":"Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.06.020","article-title":"Somatosensory impairment and its association with balance limitation in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Jamali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait. Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104838","article-title":"Factors contributing to falls in people with multiple sclerosis: the exploration of the moderation and mediation effects","volume":"76","author":"Jawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0038","first-page":"135","article-title":"Slow gait speed - an indicator of lower cerebral vasoreactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Jor'dan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520915629","article-title":"Exercise and lifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis throughout the disease course","volume":"26","author":"Kalb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514565959","article-title":"Home-based training to improve manual dexterity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Kamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.07.005","article-title":"Resistance training for older adults in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"35","author":"Khadanga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001174","article-title":"Exercise training guidelines for multiple sclerosis, stroke, and parkinson disease: rapid review and synthesis","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130588","article-title":"Associations of upper limb disability measures on different levels of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Lamers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0307-x","article-title":"Aerobic capacity in persons with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Langeskov-Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2165\/11591150-000000000-00000","article-title":"Impact of walking impairment in multiple sclerosis: perspectives of patients and care partners","volume":"4","author":"Larocca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patient."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health","volume":"124","author":"Lavie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-37","article-title":"Validation of patient determined disease steps (PDDS) scale scores in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Learmonth","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90132-3","article-title":"What is the cause of the ageing atrophy?: total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men","volume":"84","author":"Lexell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.10.011","article-title":"Assessing the burden of vascular risk factors on brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a case- control MRI study","volume":"27","author":"Lorefice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac016","article-title":"How patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability","volume":"145","author":"Lublin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00851","article-title":"Comorbidity in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Magyari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102052","article-title":"Does disability level impact the relationship of muscle strength to walking performance in people with multiple sclerosis? a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"42","author":"Ma\u00f1ago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy048","article-title":"Contributions of ankle, knee, hip, and trunk muscle function to gait performance in people with Multiple Sclerosis: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"98","author":"Ma\u00f1ago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d6b125","article-title":"Vascular comorbidity is associated with more rapid disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Marrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2012.08.004","article-title":"Substantial burden of dizziness in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Marrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507078388","article-title":"Validity of performance scales for disability assessment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Marrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002474","article-title":"Recommendations for observational studies of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Marrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564485","article-title":"A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of cardiac, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Marrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386","article-title":"Adult norms for the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity","volume":"39","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(84)80146-X","article-title":"Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations","volume":"9","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Hand. Surg. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03546-3","article-title":"Perceived health- related quality of life in persons with multiple sclerosis with and without a vascular comorbidity","volume":"33","author":"Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0062","article-title":"Factors for lower walking speed in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"2013","author":"Nogueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.5.570","article-title":"Adult norms for a commercially available Nine Hole Peg Test for finger dexterity","volume":"57","author":"Oxford Grice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14608","article-title":"The Framingham cardiovascular risk score and 5-year progression of multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Petruzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697032","article-title":"Diabetes and the Vestibular System","volume":"40","author":"Piker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103917","article-title":"Quantification of upper limb dysfunction in the activities of the daily living in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Pisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr832oa","article-title":"Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test, Action Research Arm Test and Box and Block Test: a multicentre study","volume":"19","author":"Platz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \"Up & Go\": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.01.024","article-title":"Knee flexor strength and balance control impairment may explain declines during prolonged walking in women with mild multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Ramari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03282.x","article-title":"High blood pressure accelerates gait slowing in well-functioning older adults over 18-years of follow-up","volume":"59","author":"Rosano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.2920","article-title":"Comorbidity and disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Salter","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0074","article-title":"Walking as a mediator between strength and health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis","author":"Simaitis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, N.M.B., Silva, J.M., Silva, M.D.M.d., Silva, L.D.T., Souza, J.N.d., Ithamar, L., Raposo, M.C.F., Melo, R.S., 2024. Balance, gait, functionality and fall occurrence in adults and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated peripheral neuropathy. 14(5), 2044\u20132055.","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract14050161"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.10.020","article-title":"Vascular comorbidities in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis","volume":"347","author":"Tettey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.08.014","article-title":"Optimal Jamar dynamometer handle position to assess maximal isometric hand grip strength in epidemiological studies","volume":"37","author":"Trampisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand. Surg. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0078","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Age-related decline in handgrip strength differs according to gender","volume":"21","author":"Vianna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Condit. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0080","first-page":"e13","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.10.005","article-title":"Relative importance of physical and psychological factors to slowness in people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0082","article-title":"The Heart-Brain Interplay in Multiple Sclerosis from Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice: a Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Zavarella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-009-0082-x","article-title":"Contribution of impaired mobility and general symptoms to the burden of multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Zwibel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004195?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004195?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:20:06Z","timestamp":1774999206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825004195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S2211034825004195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Differences in upper and lower limb function in persons with multiple sclerosis with vascular comorbidities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106677","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106677"}}