{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:07:34Z","timestamp":1791389254887,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017415","name":"Peking University First Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T16:54:24Z","timestamp":1755622464000},"page":"106679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Acute symptomatic seizures and epilepsy in pediatric patients with central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4122-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangru","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuting","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinling","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixia","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoyun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingzhi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308550","article-title":"Paediatric neuromyelitis optica: clinical, MRI of the brain and prognostic features","volume":"86","author":"Absoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1026-3","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"18","author":"Alroughani","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151204000636","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte development and myelination in neurodevelopment: molecular mechanisms in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Barateiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x","article-title":"Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure","volume":"51","author":"Beghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2019-0020","article-title":"Perineuronal oligodendrocytes in health and disease: the journey so far","volume":"31","author":"Bernstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022434","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Coulter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold. Spring. Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16824","article-title":"A hypothesis for the role of axon demyelination in seizure generation","volume":"62","author":"de Curtis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102011","article-title":"Seizures and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies: two paradigmatic cases and a review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Foiadelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.12.002","article-title":"Cytokines and brain excitability","volume":"33","author":"Galic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26502","article-title":"MOG and AQP4 antibodies among children with multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"93","author":"Gaudioso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125178","article-title":"Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy","volume":"129","author":"Geis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081241","article-title":"Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2","volume":"205","author":"Hinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02132-y","article-title":"The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody","volume":"139","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02132-y","article-title":"The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody","volume":"139","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0017","first-page":"263","article-title":"Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"145","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0717-1","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin","volume":"13","author":"Jarius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-317969","article-title":"CSF cytokine profile in MOG-IgG+ neurological disease is similar to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD but distinct from MS: a cross-sectional study and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"89","author":"Kaneko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149411","article-title":"B cell, Th17, and neutrophil related cerebrospinal fluid cytokine\/chemokines are elevated in MOG antibody associated demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Kothur","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547","article-title":"International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions","volume":"19","author":"Krupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17315","article-title":"Seizures and epilepsy in multiple sclerosis, aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1316","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1316","article-title":"Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321911","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis and other relapsing demyelinating disease in childhood","volume":"107","author":"Luchesa Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_75_20","article-title":"Prevalence of seizure\/epilepsy in patients with Multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mirmosayyeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_75_20","article-title":"Prevalence of seizure\/epilepsy in patients with Multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mirmosayyeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuguchi M, Ichiyama T, Imataka G, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute encephalopathy in childhood. Brain Dev,43(1):2-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.08.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.08.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17424","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures secondary to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"63","author":"Montalvo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518823486","article-title":"Early predictors of epilepsy and subsequent relapse in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"26","author":"Rossor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102057","article-title":"Seizure occurrence in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2018","article-title":"Myelin in the Central nervous system: structure, function, and pathology","volume":"99","author":"Stadelmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01089-4","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Steriade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102168","article-title":"Improvement in recurrent anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody - positive cerebral cortical encephalitis not requiring anti - inflammatory therapy following the decrease in cytokine\/chemokine levels","volume":"43","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26549","article-title":"Cerebral cortical encephalitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"93","author":"Valencia-Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International panel for NMO Diagnosis. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.11.007","article-title":"Acute epileptic seizures in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein encephalomyelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a comparative cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004213?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004213?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:17:15Z","timestamp":1774999035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825004213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S2211034825004213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute symptomatic seizures and epilepsy in pediatric patients with central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106679","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106679"}}