{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:19:18Z","timestamp":1792664358578,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:52:35Z","timestamp":1758070355000},"page":"106756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diagnostic evolution in multiple sclerosis: A narrative review of the McDonald criteria from 2001 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Mansi","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adwaith Krishna","family":"Surendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahar","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6844-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shitiz","family":"Sriwastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0001","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","author":"Tafti","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0002","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course","volume":"44","author":"Portaccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health - Eur."},{"issue":"10422","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"403","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0292","article-title":"Clinical presentation and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis: an overview","author":"Javalkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10076","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30959-X","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges","volume":"389","author":"Brownlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0007","first-page":"10","article-title":"Red flags in multiple sclerosis","author":"Bulus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520988148","article-title":"The frequency and characteristics of MS misdiagnosis in patients referred to the multiple sclerosis centre of Catalonia","volume":"27","author":"Midaglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0009","first-page":"227","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols","volume":"13","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.02.004","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: an historical review","volume":"106","author":"Poser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(00)00125-6","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Poser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0012","first-page":"121","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2023.133677","article-title":"The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: what has changed in diagnostic criteria?","volume":"88","author":"Jankowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"100978","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0015","article-title":"Current and future role of MRI in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Rocca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health - Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70023","article-title":"Advancements in multiple sclerosis","author":"Montague","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0017","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Kappa free light chains index and central vein sign: two new biomarkers for multiple sclerosis diagnosis","author":"Levraut","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2011.08.002","article-title":"The diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: from Charcot to McDonald","volume":"1","author":"Gafson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20235.x","article-title":"PROblems Of Experimental Trials Of Therapy In Multiple Sclerosis: Report By The Panel On The Evaluation Of Experimental Trials Of Therapy In Multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Schumacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0020","first-page":"840","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald criteria\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Polman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.1.27","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: application in first demyelinating episode","volume":"60","author":"Tintore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0023","first-page":"47","article-title":"Application of the new McDonald criteria to patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Dalton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00246.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis study group. diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: comparison of the poser criteria and the new McDonald criteria","volume":"109","author":"Fangerau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013014","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: moving ahead or walking in place?","volume":"98","author":"Cutter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096878","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0027","first-page":"87","article-title":"Proposed modifications to McDonald diagnostic criteria for Asians with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol. Asia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms956oa","article-title":"Interobserver agreement on Poser\u2019s and the new McDonald\u2019s diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Zipoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510362441","article-title":"The McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis: time for clarification","volume":"16","author":"Hawkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509348422","article-title":"Primary progressive multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: a reappraisal","volume":"15","author":"Montalban","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113723.36715.A6","article-title":"MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis: evaluation in a pediatric cohort","volume":"62","author":"Hahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0032","first-page":"213","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Taiwan."},{"issue":"3 Suppl B","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0033","first-page":"S4","article-title":"The importance of early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Pharm. JMCP"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091592","article-title":"McDonald criteria 2010 and 2005 compared: persistence of high oligoclonal band prevalence despite almost doubled diagnostic sensitivity","volume":"17","author":"Schwenkenbecher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507081169","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of the original and revised McDonald criteria in a general neurology practice in Ireland","volume":"14","author":"McHugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0036","first-page":"1794","article-title":"Does high-field MR imaging have an influence on the classification of patients with clinically isolated syndromes according to current diagnostic MR imaging criteria for multiple sclerosis?","volume":"27","author":"Wattjes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510376179","article-title":"Modifications to the McDonald MRI dissemination in space criteria for use in Asians with classic multiple sclerosis: the Taiwanese experience","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0038","first-page":"422","article-title":"MRI of multiple sclerosis in Thai patients","volume":"89","author":"Chawalparit","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20105","article-title":"Childhood multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"12","author":"Waldman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202453","article-title":"A prospective, observational study on conversion of clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis during 4-year period (MS NEO study) in Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Ro","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.08.032","article-title":"Use of the 2010 McDonald criteria can facilitate early diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis in a predominantly black cohort","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512464829","article-title":"A proposed modification to the McDonald 2010 criteria for the diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0043","first-page":"485","article-title":"Explanation of multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria","volume":"72","author":"Nakashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Nerve Shinkei Kenkyu no Shinpo"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308675","article-title":"Earlier and more frequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis using the McDonald criteria","volume":"86","author":"Brownlee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0045","first-page":"29","article-title":"Diagnosing MS: recent guidelines and future goals focusing on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. MS. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513501230","article-title":"Application and a proposed modification of the 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a Canadian cohort of patients with clinically isolated syndromes","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00393-2","article-title":"MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Filippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"9_Supplement_2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003028","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis: clinical features and outcome","volume":"87","author":"Waldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0049","first-page":"e528","article-title":"Real-world validation of the 2017 McDonald criteria for pediatric MS","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol: Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000699","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: revisions of the McDonald criteria 2017\u2013continuity and change","volume":"32","author":"Hartung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0051","article-title":"A comparative study of tolerability and effects on immunoglobulin levels and CD19 cell counts with ocrelizumab vs low dose of rituximab in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Evertsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198253.35119.83","article-title":"Clinically isolated syndromes: a new oligoclonal band test accurately predicts conversion to MS","volume":"66","author":"Masjuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-022-01410-2","article-title":"Performance of the revised 2017 Mcdonald criteria","volume":"94","author":"Konen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nervenarzt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0054","article-title":"The 2024 Revised McDonald Criteria: AAN 2025 Highlights","author":"Dugue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0055","article-title":"Revised McDonald diagnostic criteria signals new era in multiple sclerosis treatment","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeurologyLive"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0056","series-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Workup","author":"Luzzio","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316911","article-title":"Performance of 2010 McDonald criteria and 2016 MAGNIMS guidelines in the diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Gajofatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.11.14","article-title":"Advances in multiple sclerosis imaging: neurocognitive imaging","volume":"3","author":"Almuntashri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Imaging Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0059","series-title":"Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) Annual Meeting","article-title":"2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria: an initiative of the international advisory committee on clinical trials in MS","author":"Marrie","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1906","article-title":"MR imaging in multiple sclerosis: review and recommendations for current practice","volume":"31","author":"L\u00f6vblad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0061","series-title":"Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) Annual Meeting","article-title":"The 2024 McDonald Diagnostic Criteria Revisions: imaging and fluid biomarkers and RIS","author":"Oh","year":"2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz144","article-title":"MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines","volume":"142","author":"Filippi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0063","first-page":"855","article-title":"Undiagnosing\u201d multiple sclerosis: the challenge of misdiagnosis in MS","volume":"27","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517751861","article-title":"2017 McDonald MS diagnostic criteria: evidence-based revisions","volume":"24","author":"Carroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0065","article-title":"The 2024 revised McDonald criteria: american Academy of Neurology (AAN) annual meeting 2025 highlights","author":"Dugue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756_bib0066","series-title":"European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS)","article-title":"2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria","author":"Montalban","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004985?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825004985?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:34:31Z","timestamp":1784345671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825004985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2211034825004985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnostic evolution in multiple sclerosis: A narrative review of the McDonald criteria from 2001 to 2024","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106756"}}