{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:03:32Z","timestamp":1784347412020,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["140,144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140,144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T06:24:47Z","timestamp":1760855087000},"page":"106807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comprehensive systematic review of Ibudilast as a neuroprotective therapy for progressive multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1972-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aryana","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaleh","family":"Varshosaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Darash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasin","family":"Ebne-Ali-Heydari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238448","article-title":"Emerging potential of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor Ibudilast for neurodegenerative diseases: an update on preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"27","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d7d651","article-title":"Ibudilast in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A neuroprotectant?","volume":"74","author":"Barkhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520964409","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography outcomes from SPRINT-MS, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of ibudilast in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Bermel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1014","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207551","article-title":"Effects of Ibudilast on retinal atrophy in progressive Multiple sclerosis subtypes: post hoc analyses of the SPRINT-MS trial","volume":"101","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1070oa","article-title":"Ibudilast, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, regulates Th1\/Th2 balance and NKT cell subset in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803583","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of Ibudilast in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"379","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520986956","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain in a phase 2 clinical trial of ibudilast in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51251","article-title":"Response to ibudilast treatment according to progressive multiple sclerosis disease phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Goodman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037297","article-title":"Review of multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"103","author":"Haki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPR.0000000000000202","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis treatment review for primary care providers","volume":"49","author":"Hernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231213164","article-title":"Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels predict brain atrophy in people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Ladakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251335213","article-title":"Cognitive test performance and disease progression in primary and secondary progressive MS: an analysis of the SPRINT-MS study","volume":"31","author":"Leavitt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"325","author":"McGinley","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA - J. Am. Med. Associat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e491","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011314","article-title":"Effects of Ibudilast on MRI measures in the phase 2 SPRINT-MS study","volume":"96","author":"Naismith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231187289","article-title":"Effect of ibudilast on thalamic magnetization transfer ratio and volume in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01598-7","article-title":"Pathological ultrastructural alterations of myelinated axons in normal appearing white matter in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Oost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005347","article-title":"Practice guideline recommendations summary: disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Rae-Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0021","article-title":"Influence of equipment changes on MRI measures of brain atrophy and brain microstructure in a placebo-controlled trial of ibudilast in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Sakaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0022","first-page":"11","article-title":"Novel drugs in a pipeline for progressive multiple sclerosis","author":"Sapko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807_bib0023","first-page":"137","article-title":"Ibudilast: a non\u2011selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor in brain disorders","volume":"71","author":"Schwenkgrub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825005498?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825005498?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:29:02Z","timestamp":1784345342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825005498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["S2211034825005498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comprehensive systematic review of Ibudilast as a neuroprotective therapy for progressive multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106807","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106807"}}