{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:28:09Z","timestamp":1788413289352,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000924","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214,010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214,010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T02:16:02Z","timestamp":1762308962000},"page":"106832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Choroid plexus enlargement in secondary progressive MS: phenotype comparison"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Klistorner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Van Der Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Butzkueven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyuan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Bouhrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Parratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Con","family":"Yiannikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Klistorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.734992","article-title":"Characterization of age-related differences in the Human choroid plexus volume, microstructural integrity, and blood perfusion using multiparameter Magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"13","author":"Alisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.734992","article-title":"Characterization of age-related differences in the Human choroid plexus volume, microstructural integrity, and blood perfusion using multiparameter Magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"13","author":"Alisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0025","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement in multiple sclerosis correlates with cortical and Phase rim lesions on 7-T MRI and predicts progression independent of relapse activity","author":"Barbuti","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00940-6","article-title":"A real-world clinical validation for AI-based MRI monitoring in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Barnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ. Digit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E911","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201608","article-title":"Association of choroid plexus inflammation on MRI with clinical disability progression over 5 years in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Bergsland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09277-2","article-title":"Enlarged choroid plexus related to cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117026","article-title":"AssemblyNet: a large ensemble of CNNs for 3D whole brain MRI segmentation","volume":"219","author":"Coup\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25463","article-title":"Silent progression in disease activity\u2013free relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Cree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf239","article-title":"The temporal dynamics and clinical relevance of choroid plexus measures in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"De Meo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.08.007","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and the choroid plexus: emerging concepts of disease immunopathophysiology","volume":"103","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.588","article-title":"Comparison of MS clinical phenotypes using conventional and magnetization transfer MRI","volume":"52","author":"Filippi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025000118","article-title":"Translational value of choroid plexus imaging for tracking neuroinflammation in mice and humans","volume":"118","author":"Fleischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. u S. a"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0040","first-page":"1","article-title":"A data-driven model of disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis","author":"Garbarino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200319","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Grasso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra T., Iaffaldano P. A window to new insights on progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis: role of therapies and current perspective 2024. doi:10.20944\/preprints202412.1790.v1.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202412.1790.v1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Choroid plexus as a mediator of CNS inflammation in multiple sclerosis","author":"Hochstetler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13162668","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume change\u2014A candidate for a new radiological marker of MS progression","volume":"13","author":"Jankowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231157206","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume is enlarged in clinically isolated syndrome patients with optic neuritis","volume":"29","author":"Klistorner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51644","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume predicts expansion of chronic lesions and associated brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Klistorner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0018","first-page":"496","article-title":"Longitudinal enlargement of choroid plexus is associated with chronic lesion expansion and neurodegeneration in RRMS patients","volume":"30","author":"Klistorner","year":"2024","journal-title":"MSJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-025-00656-7","article-title":"Relevance of choroid plexus volumes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Krieger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fluids. Barriers. CNS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241272943","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement correlates with periventricular pathology but not with disease activity in radiologically isolated syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Landes-Ch\u00e2teau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0004","unstructured":"Lorenzo R. The choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis. 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww173","article-title":"Defining secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"139","author":"Lorscheider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13322","article-title":"Neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid correlates of choroid plexus inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115221118","article-title":"Choroid plexus volumetrics and brain inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Manouchehri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. u S. a"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330343","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement in paediatric multiple sclerosis: clinical relevance and effect of sex","volume":"94","author":"Margoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801740-1.00007-X","article-title":"The role of the choroid plexus in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","author":"Martirosian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Choroid Plex. Cerebrospinal Fluid: Emerg. Roles CNS Dev. Maint. Dis. Progress."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1147","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001147","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume in multiple sclerosis vs Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Muller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120057025","article-title":"The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"109","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13309-4","article-title":"Paramagnetic rim lesions are associated with choroid plexus inflammation and expansion over 5 years in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"272","author":"Reeves","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001160","article-title":"Choroid plexuses at the interface of peripheral immunity and tissue repair in multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021204426","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement in inflammatory multiple sclerosis: 3.0-T MRI and translocator protein PET evaluation","volume":"301","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021204426","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement in inflammatory multiple sclerosis","volume":"301","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200026","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of choroid plexuses in presymptomatic multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0038","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammation of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis: accumulation of granulocytes and T cells","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00903-y","article-title":"Altered secretory and neuroprotective function of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad218","article-title":"The risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is geographically determined but modifiable","volume":"146","author":"Sharmin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106562","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement and kappa light chains index reflect distinct pathophysiological processes in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"101","author":"Shor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121084","article-title":"Parallel changes in structural and functional measures of optic nerve myelination after optic neuritis","volume":"10","author":"Van Der Walt","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.035","article-title":"Involvement of the choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis autoimmune inflammation: a neuropathological study","volume":"199","author":"Vercellino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104740","article-title":"Enlarged choroid plexus related to iron rim lesions and deep gray matter atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200064","article-title":"Secondary progressive Multiple sclerosis: a review of clinical characteristics, definition, prognostic tools, and disease-modifying therapies","volume":"10","author":"Ziemssen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825005747?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034825005747?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:27:38Z","timestamp":1784345258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034825005747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S2211034825005747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Choroid plexus enlargement in secondary progressive MS: phenotype comparison","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106832","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106832"}}