{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T01:37:16Z","timestamp":1793929036916,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014544","name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:54:55Z","timestamp":1769187295000},"page":"107027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2040: A comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7298-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daobin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e960","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00093-7","article-title":"The burden of neurological conditions in north Africa and the Middle East, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516686847","article-title":"Environmental modifiable risk factors for multiple sclerosis: report from the 2016 ECTRIMS focused workshop","volume":"24","author":"Amato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0040","article-title":"Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of cochrane reviews","volume":"1","author":"Amatya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0009","article-title":"Residual disability after severe relapse in people with multiple sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapy","volume":"25","author":"Anat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues","volume":"19","author":"Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103326","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103359","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07899-6","article-title":"Age and sex as key determinants of multiple sclerosis incidence in Spain: a comprehensive analysis using the global burden of disease database (1990-2019)","volume":"46","author":"Cayuela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0031","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"64","author":"Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis - a review","volume":"26","author":"Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00735-5","article-title":"Social determinants of health in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Dobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s53","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-6-s53","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, a treatable disease","volume":"16","author":"Doshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1168821","article-title":"Rehabilitation treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9","article-title":"The global burden of neurological disorders: translating evidence into policy","volume":"19","author":"Feigin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4152","article-title":"Burden of neurological disorders across the US from 1990-2017: A global burden of disease study","volume":"78","author":"Feigin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.04.009","article-title":"trend, and cross-country inequality of early musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2019, with projection from 2020 to 2050","volume":"5","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30443-5","article-title":"and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037297","article-title":"Review of multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"103","author":"Haki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","article-title":"Treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"133","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"10091","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30818-8","article-title":"Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000206","article-title":"Classification, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Katz Sand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework","volume":"22","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13112-1","article-title":"Mortality and causes of death for people with multiple sclerosis: a Finnish nationwide register study","volume":"272","author":"Kuutti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103407","article-title":"A global assessment of incidence trends of autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019 and predicted changes to 2040","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-08-21-6146","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Longley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac016","article-title":"How patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability","volume":"145","author":"Lublin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315238","article-title":"Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study","volume":"88","author":"Lunde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt139","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and disability progression in multiple sclerosis: United Kingdom cohort study","volume":"136","author":"Manouchehrinia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2165\/11532230-000000000-00000","article-title":"Economic burden of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Naci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000622","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects","volume":"31","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","article-title":"Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15593","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: A position paper","volume":"30","author":"Pozzilli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073278","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis from 1990 to 2019: Findings of global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005347","article-title":"Practice guideline recommendations summary: disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the american academy of neurology","volume":"90","author":"Rae-Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1788","article-title":"Effect of smoking cessation on multiple sclerosis prognosis","volume":"72","author":"Ramanujam","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1430741","article-title":"The overall and smoking-attributable burden of multiple sclerosis among older adults aged 65-89 years from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2040","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"10130","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30481-1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"391","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-07-21-6103","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Diagnosis, disease-modifying therapy and prognosis","volume":"51","author":"Travers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.912863","article-title":"Correlation between smoking and passive smoking with multiple sclerosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. : Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0023","article-title":"Emerging epidemiological trends of multiple sclerosis among adults aged 20\u201354 years, 1990\u20132021, with projections to 2035: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611425694","article-title":"Smoking: effects on multiple sclerosis susceptibility and disease progression","volume":"5","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5","article-title":"Age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality rates and future projections of autoimmune diseases in China: a systematic analysis based on GBD 2021","volume":"73","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209351","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of multiple sclerosis in China, 1990-2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826000635?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826000635?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:03:34Z","timestamp":1785755014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826000635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S2211034826000635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2040: A comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107027"}}