{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:46:22Z","timestamp":1785757582436,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO4866-4\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO4866-4\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO4866-3\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO4866-3\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["401772351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401772351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["408885537 \\u2013 TRR 274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408885537 \\u2013 TRR 274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["505539112 \\u2013 KFO 5024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["505539112 \\u2013 KFO 5024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["261193037 \\u2013 CRC 1181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["261193037 \\u2013 CRC 1181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HICI 851693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HICI 851693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T16:12:21Z","timestamp":1769616741000},"page":"107033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Artificial Intelligence analysis of lesion dynamics and brain volume in patients with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Clemens","family":"Bettray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7889-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanos","family":"Tsaktanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Mennecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Bazan","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"L\u00fccking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Rothhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnd","family":"D\u00f6rfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Alexander","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000102","article-title":"Early CNS neurodegeneration in radiologically isolated syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Azevedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00940-6","article-title":"A real-world clinical validation for AI-based MRI monitoring in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Barnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105015","article-title":"Prevalence of 2-year \u201cNo evidence of disease activity\u201d (NEDA-3 and NEDA-4) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A real-world study","volume":"79","author":"Bazzurri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513478675","article-title":"Clinical significance of atrophy and white matter mean diffusivity within the thalamus of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"19","author":"Benedict","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.155","article-title":"Cortical pathology and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Calabrese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib39","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0006","first-page":"93","article-title":"Establishing pathological cut-offs of brain atrophy rates in multiple sclerosis","volume":"87","author":"De Stefano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318212a8be","article-title":"MRI predictors of cognitive outcome in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Deloire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510394454","article-title":"Predicting the severity of relapsing-remitting MS: the contribution of cross-sectional and short-term follow-up MRI data","volume":"17","author":"Enzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22265-2","article-title":"Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data","volume":"12","author":"Eshaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.01.011","article-title":"Cognition in multiple sclerosis: Between cognitive reserve and brain volume","volume":"386","author":"Fenu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.8.1147","article-title":"MRI techniques to monitor MS evolution: the present and the future","volume":"58","author":"Filippi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1954","article-title":"Imaging cortical damage and dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Filippi","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm329","article-title":"Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Fisniku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0014","first-page":"e1","article-title":"[Multiple sclerosis in Germany: updated analysis of the German MS Registry 2014-2018]","volume":"88","author":"Flachenecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006810","article-title":"Unraveling treatment response in multiple sclerosis: a clinical and MRI challenge","volume":"92","author":"Gasperini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70305-9","article-title":"Role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Hemmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv258","article-title":"Defining reliable disability outcomes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"138","author":"Kalincik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1568","article-title":"Contribution of relapse-independent progression vs relapse-associated worsening to overall confirmed disability accumulation in typical relapsing multiple sclerosis in a pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials","volume":"77","author":"Kappos","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513492245","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of physical disability in relapse onset multiple sclerosis of long disease duration","volume":"20","author":"Kearney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000210506.00078.5c","article-title":"MRI T2 lesion burden in multiple sclerosis: a plateauing relationship with clinical disability","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509102617","article-title":"Association between MRI parameters and the MS severity scale: a 12 year follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Minneboo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116737","article-title":"Brain volume loss in individuals over time: source of variance and limits of detectability","volume":"214","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0023","first-page":"311","article-title":"Brain atrophy and physical and cognitive disability in Multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Pe\u00f1o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000132","article-title":"Predictive value of early brain atrophy on response in patients treated with interferon beta","volume":"2","author":"Perez-Miralles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000212366","article-title":"MsLesionLLM: a tool to extract key radiological metrics from real-world multiple sclerosis datasets (P2-1.002)","volume":"104","author":"Poole","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304094","article-title":"Brain atrophy and lesion load predict long term disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Popescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0027","article-title":"Changes in MRI workflow of multiple sclerosis after introduction of an AI-software: a qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"Rathmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthc. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00433","article-title":"The role of T1-weighted derived measures of neurodegeneration for assessing disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Rocca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.11.018","article-title":"Gray matter atrophy correlates with MS disability progression measured with MSFC but not EDSS","volume":"282","author":"Rudick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0030","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based rapid brain volumetry substantially improves differential diagnosis in dementia","volume":"16","author":"Rudolph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0031","series-title":"Multiple Sklerose","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105728","article-title":"Automatic lesion detection at Multiple Sclerosis patients \u2013 Comparison of 2D- and 3D-FLAIR-datasets","volume":"88","author":"Seehafer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000651716.72042.21","article-title":"A current understanding of multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Shull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jaapa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.001","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"27","author":"Vidal-Jordana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517707070","article-title":"Brain atrophy 15 years after CIS: baseline and follow-up clinico-radiological correlations","volume":"24","author":"Vidal-Jordana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2400-1","article-title":"Relationship between brain volume loss and cognitive outcomes among patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic literature review","volume":"37","author":"Vollmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00095-8","article-title":"2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Wattjes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0430-y","article-title":"MRI in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an update","volume":"25","author":"Wattjes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826000696?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826000696?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1785755060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826000696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2211034826000696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Artificial Intelligence analysis of lesion dynamics and brain volume in patients with multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107033"}}