{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:10:29Z","timestamp":1787163029760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012171","name":"Ontario Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP 1904-33937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP 1904-33937"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:35:14Z","timestamp":1770770114000},"page":"107065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cardiorespiratory response to different aerobic exercise modalities in people with advanced multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur R.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zain","family":"Awadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ludgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.S.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara A.","family":"Pilutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0001","series-title":"ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-150732","article-title":"The prevalence and nature of modified housing and assistive devices use among Americans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Bishop","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105854","article-title":"Physiological fitness in people with advanced multiple sclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Chaves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.03.017","article-title":"Oxygen cost during mobility tasks and its relationship to fatigue in progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Devasahayam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2024-063","article-title":"Feasibility of aerobic exercise in people with advanced multiple sclerosis: characterizing acute responses to inform exercise prescription","volume":"27","author":"Edwards","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. MS. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0397","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory demand of acute voluntary cycling with functional electrical stimulation in individuals with multiple sclerosis with severe mobility impairment","volume":"43","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.08.020","article-title":"Pilot randomized controlled trial of functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise in people with multiple sclerosis with mobility disability","volume":"26","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104198","article-title":"Participant characteristics of existing exercise studies in persons with multiple sclerosis - A systematic review identifying literature gaps","volume":"68","author":"Gaemelke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515581437","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary fitness is related to disease severity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Heine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001866","article-title":"Acute high-intensity interval exercise in multiple sclerosis with mobility disability","volume":"51","author":"Hubbard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002312","article-title":"Updated systematic review and quantitative synthesis of physical activity levels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Jeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520915629","article-title":"Exercise and lifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis throughout the disease course","volume":"26","author":"Kalb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.011","article-title":"Objectively quantified physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Klaren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0307-x","article-title":"Aerobic capacity in persons with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Langeskov-Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.015","article-title":"Development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Latimer-Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.04.020","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on fitness, mobility, fatigue, and health-related quality of life among adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review to inform guideline development","volume":"94","author":"Latimer-Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.024","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, disease severity and walking speed in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.001","article-title":"Pilot study of enhancing cardiorespiratory exercise response in people with advanced multiple sclerosis with hybrid functional electrical stimulation","volume":"102","author":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105458","article-title":"The effects of hybrid functional electrical stimulation interval training on aerobic fitness and fatigue in people with advanced multiple sclerosis: an exploratory pilot training study","volume":"83","author":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.02.017","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with thalamic, hippocampal, and basal ganglia volumes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Motl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1332859","article-title":"Participants\u2019 perspectives of \u201cNeuroSask: active and connect\u201d- a virtual chronic disease management program for individuals with a neurological condition","volume":"15","author":"Patrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.146","article-title":"Exercise equipment preferences among adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Pelletier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.01.023","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on fitness in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Platta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000087","article-title":"Relationships among physical inactivity, deconditioning, and walking impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Sandroff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314541331","article-title":"Association between physical fitness and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: does disability status matter?","volume":"29","author":"Sandroff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2017-078","article-title":"Aerobic fitness and instrumental activities of daily living in persons with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Sebasti\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. MS. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105695","article-title":"Results of a feasibility and initial efficacy clinical trial of a high-intensity interval training program using adaptive equipment in persons with multiple sclerosis who have walking disability","volume":"87","author":"Silveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513505351","article-title":"Endurance training is feasible in severely disabled patients with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Skjerb\u00e6k","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192861","article-title":"Accessible exercise equipment and individuals with multiple sclerosis: aerobic demands and preferences","volume":"45","author":"Snyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.03.026","article-title":"Is aerobic or resistance training the most effective exercise modality for improving lower extremity physical function and perceived fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Taul-Madsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30481-1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"391","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600101X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600101X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1785755025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221103482600101X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S221103482600101X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiorespiratory response to different aerobic exercise modalities in people with advanced multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107065","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107065"}}