{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:46:27Z","timestamp":1785757587865,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003000","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:19:47Z","timestamp":1771258787000},"page":"107079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhancing the interpretability of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis by reducing interindividual variability due to anatomical differences"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1616-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daan J.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom A.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Barrantes-Cepas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia R.","family":"Jelgerhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samanta","family":"Noteboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn D.","family":"Steenwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Vrenken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Barkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joep","family":"Killestein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menno M.","family":"Schoonheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.M.","family":"Strijbis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0001","article-title":"Structural MRI pipeline for multiple sclerosis","author":"Barrantes-Cepas","year":"2025","journal-title":"GitHub"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnimg.2022.1031253","article-title":"Automatic measure and normalization of spinal cord cross-sectional area using the pontomedullary junction","volume":"1","author":"Bedard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0003","article-title":"A century of trends in adult human height","volume":"5","author":"Collaboration","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x","article-title":"A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Connor Gorber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13219","article-title":"Biological variation in cervical spinal cord MRI morphometry in healthy individuals and people with multiple sclerosis","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.871","article-title":"Development of a multiple sclerosis functional composite as a clinical trial outcome measure","volume":"122","author":"Cutter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514533399","article-title":"Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) measurement in long-standing multiple sclerosis: relation to brain findings and clinical disability","volume":"20","author":"Daams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.009","article-title":"SCT: spinal cord toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data","volume":"145","author":"De Leener","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1204-3","article-title":"Brain size and white matter content of cerebrospinal tracts determine the upper cervical cord area: evidence from structural brain MRI","volume":"55","author":"Engl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70294-7","article-title":"MRI monitoring of pathological changes in the spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Gass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00228.x","article-title":"Spinal cord neuronal pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Gilmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2011.00629.x","article-title":"Approaches to normalization of spinal cord volume: application to multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Healy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101375","article-title":"Changes of cervical spinal cord and cervical spinal canal with age in asymptomatic subjects","volume":"41","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.637198","article-title":"Normalization of spinal cord total cross-sectional and gray matter areas as quantified with radially sampled averaged magnetization inversion recovery acquisitions","volume":"12","author":"Kesenheimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labounek, R., Bondy, M.T., Paulson, A.L., Bedard, S., Abramovic, M., Alonso-Ortiz, E., Atcheson, N.T., Barlow, L.R., Barry, R.L., Barth, M., Battiston, M., Buchel, C., Budde, M.D., Callot, V., Combes, A., De Leener, B., Descoteaux, M., de Sousa, P.L., Dostal, M., Doyon, J., Dvorak, A.V., Eippert, F., Epperson, K.R., Epperson, K.S., Freund, P., Finsterbusch, J., Foias, A., Fratini, M., Fukunaga, I., Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, C.A.M., Germani, G., Gilbert, G., Giove, F., Grussu, F., Hagiwara, A., Henry, P.G., Horak, T., Hori, M., Joers, J.M., Kamiya, K., Karbasforoushan, H., Kerkovsky, M., Khatibi, A., Kim, J.W., Kinany, N., Kitzler, H., Kolind, S., Kong, Y., Kudlicka, P., Kuntke, P., Kurniawan, N.D., Kusmia, S., Lagana, M.M., Laule, C., Law, C.S.W., Leutritz, T., Liu, Y., Llufriu, S., Mackey, S., Martin, A.R., Martinez-Heras, E., Mattera, L., O'Grady, K.P., Papinutto, N., Papp, D., Pareto, D., Parrish, T.B., Pichiecchio, A., Prados, F., Rovira, A., Ruitenberg, M.J., Samson, R.S., Savini, G., Seif, M., Seifert, A.C., Smith, A.K., Smith, S.A., Smith, Z.A., Solana, E., Suzuki, Y., Tackley, G.W., Tinnermann, A., Valosek, J., Van De Ville, D., Yiannakas, M.C., Weber, K.A., 2nd, Weiskopf, N., Wise, R.G., Wyss, P.O., Xu, J., Cohen-Adad, J., Lenglet, C., Nestrasil, I., 2024. Body size interacts with the structure of the central nervous system: a multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00559"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.693333","article-title":"Quantification of cervical cord cross-sectional area: which acquisition, vertebra level, and analysis software? a multicenter repeatability study on a traveling healthy volunteer","volume":"12","author":"Lukas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308021","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord volume loss is related to clinical disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Lukas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210136","article-title":"Association of the cervical canal area with disability and progression in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"104","author":"Mongay-Ochoa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7899","article-title":"Validation of a new semiautomated segmentation pipeline based on the spinal cord toolbox deepseg algorithm to estimate the cervical canal area","volume":"44","author":"Mongay-Ochoa","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12097","article-title":"Spinal cord normalization in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-02961-6","article-title":"Single-subject analysis of regional brain volumetric measures can be strongly influenced by the method for head size adjustment","volume":"64","author":"Opfer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12666","article-title":"Intersubject variability and normalization strategies for spinal cord total cross-sectional and gray matter areas","volume":"30","author":"Papinutto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118576","article-title":"Age, gender and normalization covariates for spinal cord gray matter and total cross-sectional areas at cervical and thoracic levels: a 2D phase sensitive inversion recovery imaging study","volume":"10","author":"Papinutto","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20113","article-title":"Effect of aging and degeneration on disc volume and shape: a quantitative study in asymptomatic volunteers","volume":"24","author":"Pfirrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.037","article-title":"Correction for intracranial volume in analysis of whole brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: the proportion vs. residual method","volume":"22","author":"Sanfilipo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0314-x","article-title":"MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Sastre-Garriga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330613","article-title":"Spinal cord reserve in multiple sclerosis","author":"Sastre-Garriga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41231-019-0050-7","article-title":"Lost in translation: the valley of death across preclinical and clinical divide \u2013 identification of problems and overcoming obstacles","volume":"4","author":"Seyhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2007.00222.x","article-title":"Normalized upper cervical spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003496","article-title":"Cervical canal morphology: effects of neck flexion in normal condition: new elements for biomechanical simulations and surgical management","volume":"45","author":"Sudres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103680","article-title":"Scanner-specific optimisation of automated lesion segmentation in MS","volume":"44","author":"van Nederpelt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0034","series-title":"Intracranial volume loss and skull thickening in metachromatic leukodystrophy and multiple sclerosis","author":"Vorst","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0035","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Normalization of cerebral volumes by use of intracranial volume: implications for longitudinal quantitative MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"Whitwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0813","article-title":"Comparison of three different methods for measurement of cervical cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600115X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600115X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:04:27Z","timestamp":1785755067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221103482600115X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S221103482600115X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancing the interpretability of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis by reducing interindividual variability due to anatomical differences","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107079","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107079"}}