{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:32:55Z","timestamp":1789680775528,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18am0101085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18am0101085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20H05799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H05799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22H04340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H04340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T08:54:22Z","timestamp":1772700862000},"page":"107113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bile acids as candidate therapies for multiple sclerosis: inverse signal analysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system and preclinical validation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5559-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mizuho","family":"Asada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuka","family":"Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Goda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhei","family":"Sonoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Niimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Zamami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Chuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Uesawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ishizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0001","article-title":"Microbiota-produced immune regulatory bile acid metabolites control central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Antonini Cencicchio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050466","article-title":"A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation","volume":"54","author":"Bate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129401","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism is altered in multiple sclerosis and supplementation ameliorates neuroinflammation","volume":"130","author":"Bhargava","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14868","article-title":"Pharmacovigilance-based drug repurposing: the search for inverse signals via OpenVigil identifies putative drugs against viral respiratory infections","volume":"87","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04041-x","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism in multiple sclerosis is perturbed and associated with the risk of confirmed disability worsening","volume":"23","author":"Erngren","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524890113","article-title":"Obeticholic acid, a synthetic bile acid agonist of the farnesoid X receptor, attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"113","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.09.029","article-title":"Hepatoprotective bile acid \u201cursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)\u201d Property and difference as bile acids","volume":"33","author":"Ishizaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade6924","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ade6924","article-title":"Sulfated bile acid is a host-derived ligand for MAIT cells","volume":"9","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114422","article-title":"Activation of FXR by ganoderic acid A promotes remyelination in multiple sclerosis via anti-inflammation and regeneration mechanism","volume":"185","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0010","article-title":"Drug repositioning prediction for psoriasis using the adverse event reporting database","volume":"10","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.09.011","article-title":"Bile acid metabolites predict multiple sclerosis progression and supplementation is safe in progressive disease","volume":"6","author":"Ladakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3453","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3453","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35\u201355 (MOG 35\u201355)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a model of chronic multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Miyamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxr047","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells regulate Th1 response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2174\/0113894501290296240327081624","article-title":"Drug repurposing using FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6048","article-title":"Data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"10","author":"Sakaeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02981-x","article-title":"Role of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy on multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Serag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177941","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates multiple sclerosis via TGR5-dependent microglial regulation in mice","volume":"1003","author":"Sonoda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.1604","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D in clinically isolated syndrome typical of multiple sclerosis: the D-Lay MS randomized clinical trial","volume":"333","author":"Thouvenot","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04395-7","article-title":"The gut microbiota-bile acid axis: a crucial regulator of immune function and metabolic health","volume":"41","author":"Tyagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271308","article-title":"Sex-, age-, and organ-dependent improvement of bile acid hydrophobicity by ursodeoxycholic acid treatment: a study using a mouse model with human-like bile acid composition","volume":"17","author":"Ueda","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.668","article-title":"A comparison of measures of disproportionality for signal detection in spontaneous reporting systems for adverse drug reactions","volume":"11","author":"Van Puijenbroek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2023.152388","article-title":"Taurochenodeoxycholic acid reduces astrocytic neuroinflammation and alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"228","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunobiology"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826001495?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826001495?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:20:35Z","timestamp":1781526035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826001495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["S2211034826001495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bile acids as candidate therapies for multiple sclerosis: inverse signal analysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system and preclinical validation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107113","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107113"}}