{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:29:26Z","timestamp":1791595766313,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:33:06Z","timestamp":1773646386000},"page":"107146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Limited availability of live CBA for MOG-IgG testing and its consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of MOGAD in Latin American countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius","family":"Boldrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Carnero Contentti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2523","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in a subgroup of patients with Central nervous system demyelination","volume":"80","author":"Ayroza Galv\u00e3o Ribeiro Gomes","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0003","article-title":"Limited availability of live CBA for AQP4-IgG testing and its consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD in Latin American countries","volume":"411","author":"Boldrini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106751","article-title":"Incorporation of the commercial kit for AQP4-IgG testing into the public health system: perspectives and new challenges for the diagnosis of Neuromyelitis Optica in Brazil","volume":"104","author":"Boldrini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000702","article-title":"HLA association in MOG-IgG\u2013 and AQP4-IgG\u2013related disorders of the CNS in the Dutch population","volume":"7","author":"Bruijstens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251313744","article-title":"Testing for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: who, what, where, when, why, and how","volume":"31","author":"Budhram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231190248","article-title":"Rectifying global inequities in neuromyelitis optica diagnosis and treatment: a critical view from Latin America","volume":"29","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221136259","article-title":"Frequency of NMOSD misdiagnosis in a cohort from Latin America: impact and evaluation of different contributors","volume":"29","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104611","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with optic neuritis related to NMOSD and MOGAD in distinct ethnic groups from Latin America","volume":"72","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15178","article-title":"Chiasmatic lesions on conventional magnetic resonance imaging during the first event of optic neuritis in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease in a Latin American cohort","volume":"29","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102742","article-title":"What percentage of AQP4-ab-negative NMOSD patients are MOG-ab positive? A study from the Argentinean multiple sclerosis registry (RelevarEM)","volume":"49","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103122","article-title":"The frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in aquaporin-4-IgG-negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients in Latin America","volume":"54","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106817","article-title":"Seasonal and monthly patterns of relapses in adult MOG-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD): a retrospective analysis from Latin America","volume":"104","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16445","article-title":"The real-world applicability of the 2023 international myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease criteria in a Latin American cohort","volume":"31","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103778","article-title":"Towards imaging criteria that best differentiate MS from NMOSD and MOGAD: large multi-ethnic population and different clinical scenarios","volume":"61","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000649","article-title":"Frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005560","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and prognostic value of CNS MOG autoimmunity in adults","volume":"90","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0018","article-title":"Assessing attacks and treatment response rates among adult patients with NMOSD and MOGAD: data from a nationwide registry in Argentina","volume":"7","author":"Contentti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. - Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac480","article-title":"Clinical and MRI measures to identify non-acute MOG-antibody disease in adults","volume":"146","author":"Cortese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26951","article-title":"Grey matter atrophy and its relationship with white matter lesions in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder, and Multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Cortese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214075","article-title":"Deep learning modeling to differentiate multiple sclerosis from MOG antibody-associated disease","volume":"105","author":"Cortese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0022","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody positive patients in a Multi-Ethnic Canadian cohort","volume":"11","author":"Cross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009221124308","article-title":"MRI pattern in acute optic neuritis: comparing multiple sclerosis, NMO and MOGAD","volume":"36","author":"Darakdjian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106171","article-title":"Frequency of anti-MOG antibodies in serum and CSF of patients with possible autoimmune encephalitis: results from a Brazilian multicentric study","volume":"92","author":"de Freitas Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845112","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults","volume":"26","author":"de Mol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24617","article-title":"Epidemiology of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum","volume":"79","author":"Flanagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768669","article-title":"AQP4-IgG NMOSD, MOGAD, and double-seronegative NMOSD: is it possible to depict the antibody subtype using magnetic resonance imaging?","volume":"81","author":"Fragoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105814","article-title":"Study of seasonality of attacks in MOG antibody-associated disease","volume":"90","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10024-0","article-title":"Cell-based assays for the detection of MOG antibodies: a comparative study","volume":"267","author":"Gastaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26502","article-title":"MOG and AQP4 antibodies among children with multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"93","author":"Gaudioso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200347","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain as a discriminator of disease activity status in MOG antibody-associated disease","volume":"12","author":"Gomes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.108787","article-title":"Autoantibody profile (MOG-IgG-positivity, AQP4-IgG-positivity, and double-seronegativity) as an outcome predictor after optic neuritis","volume":"250","author":"Gomes de Brito Ventura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51378","article-title":"No strong HLA association with MOG antibody disease in the UK population","volume":"8","author":"Grant-Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104442","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in Chile: lessons learned from challenging cases","volume":"69","author":"Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8596-7","article-title":"What proportion of AQP4-IgG-negative NMO spectrum disorder patients are MOG-IgG positive? A cross sectional study of 132 patients","volume":"264","author":"Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00501","article-title":"Epidemiology of Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder and its prevalence and incidence worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Hor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1260358","article-title":"Epidemiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a review of prevalence and incidence worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Hor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200366","article-title":"HLA Association with AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the Korean population","volume":"12","author":"Hyun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","article-title":"MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing","volume":"15","author":"Jarius","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12285-5","article-title":"Improving the sensitivity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody testing: exclusive or predominant MOG-IgG3 seropositivity\u2014A potential diagnostic pitfall in patients with MOG-EM\/MOGAD","volume":"271","author":"Jarius","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00353-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of Multiple sclerosis: global, regional, national and sub-national-level estimates and future projections","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001095","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G in the CSF","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510389220","article-title":"Highly reactive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies differentiate demyelinating diseases from viral encephalitis in children","volume":"17","author":"Lalive","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251328554","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in a contemporary, multi-ethnic cohort","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3956","article-title":"Ongoing challenges in the diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"80","author":"Lipps","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2607-6261","article-title":"Impact of anti-MOG antibody in diagnosis of autoimmune diseases of the Central nervous system in children: a case series","volume":"56","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mora","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab105","article-title":"Features of MOG required for recognition by patients with MOG antibody-associated disorders","volume":"144","author":"Macrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00218-0","article-title":"Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"20","author":"Marignier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad122","article-title":"Diagnostic implications of MOG-IgG detection in sera and cerebrospinal fluids","volume":"146","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103260","article-title":"Optic neuritis in Asian type opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS-ON) in a non-Asian population: a functional-structural paradox","volume":"56","author":"Meneguette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106676","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell function in AQP4+ and MOG+ optic neuritis","volume":"103","author":"Messias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777002","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in Brazil: a single-center experience","volume":"81","author":"Messias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231156736","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in a nationwide survey","volume":"29","author":"Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323158","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD and MOG antibody-positive disease in Oxfordshire, UK","volume":"91","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1488","article-title":"Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103884","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and season distribution of MOG antibody-associated disease in the province of Verona, Italy","volume":"63","author":"Orlandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326779","article-title":"Frequency of MOG-IgG in cerebrospinal fluid versus serum","volume":"93","author":"Pace","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1252650","article-title":"Comparison of live and fixed cell-based assay performance: implications for the diagnosis of MOGAD in a low-middle income country","volume":"14","author":"Pandit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106222","article-title":"MOG-IgG is rare in AQP4-IgG seronegative NMO phenotype in Brazil","volume":"93","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0256-1","article-title":"Anti-MOG antibodies are present in a subgroup of patients with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype","volume":"12","author":"Pr\u00f6bstel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26931","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of MOG antibody testing in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"96","author":"Redenbaugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000674","article-title":"International multicenter examination of MOG antibody assays","volume":"7","author":"Reindl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease","volume":"15","author":"Reindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52163","article-title":"The clinical relevance of MOG antibody testing in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"11","author":"Reynolds","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2021.1949686","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder testing and treatment availability in Latin America","volume":"43","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06409-w","article-title":"Disability outcomes in NMOSD and MOGAD patients: data from a nationwide registry in Argentina","volume":"44","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104508","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies in NMOSD and MOGAD patients: a multicenter cohort study in Latin America","volume":"71","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0067","article-title":"Real-world clinical experience with serum MOG and AQP4 antibody testing by live versus fixed cell-based assay","author":"Said","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0912","article-title":"Positive predictive value of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody testing","volume":"78","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106160","article-title":"Early rituximab versus escalating therapy in neuromyelitis optica: a cost and quality of life analysis","volume":"92","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106279","article-title":"Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: impact on functional prognosis and mortality in a 10-year follow-up cohort","volume":"94","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1192644","article-title":"High level of agreement in a fixed vs. live cell-based assay for antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in a real-world clinical laboratory setting","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.164","article-title":"Histopathology and clinical course of MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis","volume":"2","author":"Spadaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322115","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders are associated with HLA subtypes in a Chinese paediatric-onset cohort","volume":"91","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.12479","article-title":"Central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases and neuroimmunology in Singapore\u2014Epidemiology and evolution of an emerging subspecialty","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103693","article-title":"MOGAD: a comprehensive review of clinicoradiological features, therapy and outcomes in 4699 patients globally","volume":"24","author":"Trewin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123041","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies across neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"461","author":"Trivedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13425-1","article-title":"Predictors of relapse and disability in NMOSD, MOGAD, and double-seronegative demyelinating syndromes: an international multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"272","author":"Tun\u00e7","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104114","article-title":"Risk factors associated with permanent disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"68","author":"Valdivia-Tangarife","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2940","article-title":"Serial anti\u2013Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody analyses and outcomes in children with demyelinating syndromes","volume":"77","author":"Waters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102251","article-title":"Treatment of MOG-IgG-associated disorder with rituximab: an international study of 121 patients","volume":"44","author":"Whittam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000625","article-title":"Identification of circulating MOG-specific B cells in patients with MOG antibodies","volume":"6","author":"Winklmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0082","article-title":"Clinical significance of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibodies in patients with typical MS lesions on MRI","volume":"7","author":"Zara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. - Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200503","article-title":"Applying the supporting features for MOGAD diagnosis to patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Zara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826001823?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826001823?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:23:35Z","timestamp":1781526215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826001823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S2211034826001823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Limited availability of live CBA for MOG-IgG testing and its consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of MOGAD in Latin American countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107146","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107146"}}