{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:04:20Z","timestamp":1780329860706,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023940","name":"Teva Canada Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T06:16:46Z","timestamp":1775456206000},"page":"107189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Increased PET 11C-PBR28 binding in multiple sclerosis normal-appearing white matter correlates with MRI measures of myelin loss"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9286-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene M.","family":"Vavasour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Vafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Beauchemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Shahinfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Laule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Traboulsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Sossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon H.","family":"Kolind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241233041","article-title":"A review of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Airas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0038","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Bitsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa7b66","article-title":"Incorporating HYPR de-noising within iterative PET reconstruction (HYPR-OSEM)","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02193-z","article-title":"TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"140","author":"Cignarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x","article-title":"Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain","volume":"35","author":"Cosenza-Nashat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516681504","article-title":"Translocator positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of brain glial cell activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Datta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00571.x","article-title":"PET visualization of microglia in multiple sclerosis patients using [11C]PK11195","volume":"10","author":"Debruyne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2013.03.005","article-title":"Fatigue is associated with metabolic and density alterations of cortical and deep gray matter in relasping-remitting-Multiple-Sclerosis patients at the earlier stage of the disease: a PET\/MR study","volume":"2","author":"Derache","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2020.04.001","article-title":"DECAES \u2013 DEcomposition and component analysis of exponential signals","volume":"30","author":"Doucette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24497","article-title":"Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque","volume":"78","author":"Frischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211066751","article-title":"Smouldering multiple sclerosis: the 'real MS","volume":"15","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108048","article-title":"Imaging neuroinflammation with TSPO: a new perspective on the cellular sources and subcellular localization","volume":"234","author":"Guilarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.020","article-title":"Age and disease related changes in the translocator protein (TSPO) system in the human brain: positron emission tomography measurements with [11C]vinpocetine","volume":"56","author":"Guly\u00e1s","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1186","article-title":"Myo-inositol: a marker of reactive astrogliosis in glial tumors?","volume":"21","author":"Hattingen","year":"2008","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/413465","article-title":"Initial immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: innate immune response","volume":"2013","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Pedro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24791","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory component of gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Herranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600493","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands","volume":"27","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/19\/007","article-title":"GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT","volume":"49","author":"Jan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.122807","article-title":"MR myelin imaging in multiple sclerosis: a scoping review","volume":"455","author":"Khormi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.056","article-title":"Comparison of [(11)C]-(R)-PK 11195 and [(11)C]PBR28, two radioligands for translocator protein (18 kDa) in human and monkey: implications for positron emission tomographic imaging of this inflammation biomarker","volume":"49","author":"Kreisl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh641","article-title":"Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Kutzelnigg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199609000-00008","article-title":"Distribution volume ratios without blood sampling from graphical analysis of PET data","volume":"16","author":"Logan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2055865","article-title":"Optimizing the use of radiologist seed points for improved multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation","volume":"57","author":"McAusland","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46S","DOI":"10.1177\/1051228405284200","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the monitoring of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Narayana","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4257","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4257","article-title":"Preprocessing, analysis and quantification in single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy: experts' consensus recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Near","year":"2021","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24052","article-title":"Activated microglia do not increase 18\u2009kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression in the multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"69","author":"Nutma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9243-6","article-title":"Translocator protein PET imaging for glial activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3043-4","article-title":"(11)C-PBR28 imaging in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls: test-retest reproducibility and focal visualization of active white matter areas","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. ImAging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182635645","article-title":"Increased PK11195 PET binding in the cortex of patients with MS correlates with disability","volume":"79","author":"Politis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300604","article-title":"Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra","volume":"30","author":"Provencher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6337-x","article-title":"Decreased microglial activation in MS patients treated with glatiramer acetate","volume":"259","author":"Ratchford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27034","article-title":"Smouldering-associated worsening in multiple sclerosis: an international consensus statement on definition, biology, clinical implications, and future directions","volume":"96","author":"Scalfari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05309-z","article-title":"Supervised clustering for TSPO PET imaging","volume":"49","author":"Schubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. ImAging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0001","series-title":"Greenfield's Neuropathology","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Demyelinating diseases","author":"Sobel","year":"2008"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa275","article-title":"TSPO-PET predicts later disease progression independent of relapses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"143","author":"Sucksdorff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac436","article-title":"Quantitative myelin imaging with MRI and PET: an overview of techniques and their validation status","volume":"146","author":"van der Weijden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/1\/007","article-title":"Impact of attenuation correction strategies on the quantification of High resolution research tomograph PET studies","volume":"53","author":"van Velden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.10.002","article-title":"The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (Translocator protein 18kDa) in microglia: from pathology to imaging","volume":"80","author":"Venneti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-024-00818-2","article-title":"Inhibiting CD40 ligand in multiple sclerosis: a review of emerging therapeutic potential","volume":"27","author":"Vermersch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1140oa","article-title":"Microglial imaging with positron emission tomography and atrophy measurements with magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: a correlative study","volume":"11","author":"Versijpt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"92","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189_bib0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding the physiopathology behind axial and radial diffusivity changes-what do we know?","volume":"9","author":"Winklewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826002257?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826002257?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:24:45Z","timestamp":1780327485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826002257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S2211034826002257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased PET 11C-PBR28 binding in multiple sclerosis normal-appearing white matter correlates with MRI measures of myelin loss","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107189","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107189"}}