{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:00:49Z","timestamp":1780977649266,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T23:39:08Z","timestamp":1778283548000},"page":"107222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multimodal benefits of VR-based treadmill training in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5643-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hasnain","family":"Azeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rida","family":"Shakeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7126-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danish","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2285-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Rayyan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1802-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alishba","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7345-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashish Zehra","family":"Manjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1599-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laveeza","family":"Silat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5905-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayah","family":"Abdulgadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6218-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asraf","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1365-7906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad Uddin","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3785-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talal","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0013","article-title":"Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews","volume":"1","author":"Amatya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0015","first-page":"53","article-title":"Treadmill exercise in early mutiple sclerosis: a case series study","volume":"45","author":"Benedetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690821","article-title":"Validity of the symbol digit Modalities Test as a cognition performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0033","article-title":"Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument","volume":"83","author":"Berg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6329.1607","article-title":"Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease","volume":"284","author":"Butland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.047","article-title":"Robotic gait training in multiple sclerosis rehabilitation: can virtual reality make the difference? Findings from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"377","author":"Calabr\u00f2","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0128-0","article-title":"Postural control in multiple sclerosis: implications for fall prevention","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-011-0214-y","article-title":"Gait abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, evaluation, and advances in treatment","volume":"11","author":"Cameron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08220-X","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"359","author":"Compston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cup & go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0006","first-page":"75","article-title":"Fatigue in Multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11469-1","article-title":"Treadmill training with virtual reality to enhance gait and cognitive function among people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"270","author":"Galperin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082607","article-title":"Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls","volume":"14","author":"Goldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509106712","article-title":"Walking and talking: an investigation of cognitive motor dual tasking in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Hamilton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-100","article-title":"Evidence-based rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis made easy","volume":"22","author":"Heine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. MS. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.187","article-title":"Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: review","volume":"8","author":"Holden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.06.002","article-title":"Walking while talking-difficulties incurred during the initial stages of multiple sclerosis disease process","volume":"32","author":"Kalron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait. Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","article-title":"Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage","volume":"51","author":"Kleim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0038","first-page":"981","article-title":"Quality assessment of observational studies in a drug-safety systematic review, comparison of two tools: the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the RTI item bank","volume":"6","author":"Margulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.05.014","article-title":"Virtual reality in multiple sclerosis - A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Massetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1179573518813541","article-title":"The clinical utility of virtual reality in neurorehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Massetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq201","article-title":"Virtual reality for gait training: can it induce motor learning to enhance complex walking and reduce fall risk in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"66","author":"Mirelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31325-3","article-title":"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"Mirelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality vs conventional balance training on balance and falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Molhemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04209.x","article-title":"Gait and cognition: a complementary approach to understanding brain function and the risk of falling","volume":"60","author":"Montero-Odasso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0585-6","article-title":"Benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Motl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30281-8","article-title":"Exercise in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Motl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2024.106300","article-title":"Cognitive-motor dual tasks to reveal gait impairments in multiple sclerosis patients at an early stage: a systematic review","volume":"118","author":"P\u00e9ron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0031","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.11.002","article-title":"Effects of a virtual reality and treadmill training on gait of subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.11.002","article-title":"Effects of a virtual reality and treadmill training on gait of subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1224935","article-title":"An innovative training program based on virtual reality and treadmill: effects on gait of persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1224935","article-title":"An innovative training program based on virtual reality and treadmill: effects on gait of persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0032","unstructured":"PROSPERO https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420261309314."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0012","unstructured":"Recommendations on Rehabilitation Services for Persons with Multiple Sclerosis in Europe endorsed by RIMS, Rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis European multiple sclerosis platform (EMSP)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13111","article-title":"Cognitive function in prefrailty and frailty syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Robertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028021","article-title":"Mobility, balance and falls in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Sosnoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0037","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2018.25.10.522","article-title":"Effects and feasibility of virtual reality system vs traditional physical therapy training in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"25","author":"Streicher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","article-title":"Cognition in multiple sclerosis: state of the field and priorities for the future","volume":"90","author":"Sumowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0024","article-title":"Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality","volume":"1","author":"Sveistrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2004 1:1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/240274","article-title":"Treadmill training in multiple sclerosis: can body weight support or robot assistance provide added value? A systematic review","volume":"2012","author":"Swinnen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1227704","article-title":"Intervention modalities for targeting cognitive-motor interference in individuals with neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Wajda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. NeurOther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00848-w","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke","volume":"18","author":"Winter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.007","article-title":"Virtual reality-based training improves community ambulation in individuals with stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait. Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21720","article-title":"The role of executive function and attention in gait","volume":"23","author":"Yogev-Seligmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.10.025","article-title":"Frailty and falls in people living with multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Zanotto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.09.010","article-title":"Effects of a 6-week treadmill training with and without virtual reality on frailty in people with Multiple sclerosis","volume":"106","author":"Zanotto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826002580?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826002580?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1780976204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826002580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2211034826002580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multimodal benefits of VR-based treadmill training in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107222","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107222"}}