{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:59:05Z","timestamp":1792857545536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A43979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A43979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A43935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A43935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A42654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A42654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A41731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A41731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A41141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A41141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T15:13:10Z","timestamp":1779808390000},"page":"107282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cognitively stimulating activities in multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7119-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas Kirkn\u00e6s","family":"F\u00e6rk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Sellebjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob Lindegaard","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene H\u00f8jsgaard","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbet","family":"Marstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues","volume":"19","author":"Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms861oa","article-title":"Screening for multiple sclerosis cognitive impairment using a self-administered 15-item questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Benedict","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","article-title":"Revision of the brief visuospatial memory test: studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity","volume":"8","author":"Benedict","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0004","series-title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination","author":"Benton","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0005","series-title":"Cognition and Behavior in Multiple Sclerosis","first-page":"321","article-title":"Neuroprotection and cognition in multiple sclerosis: effects of cognitive and brain reserve","author":"Brochet","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0006","series-title":"EMRESERVA to Enhance Cognitive Reserve in Multiple Sclerosis","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0008","series-title":"California Verbal Learning Test\u2013Second Edition (CVLT \u2013II)","author":"Delis","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0355-1","article-title":"Treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"DeLuca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0010","first-page":"35","article-title":"There\u2019s a S.M.A.R.T way to write management\u2019s goals and objectives","volume":"70","author":"Doran","year":"1981","journal-title":"Manag. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0011","first-page":"41","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Danish consensus version of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale","author":"Eskildsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitively stimulating activities in multiple sclerosis: a qualitative feasibility study","author":"F\u00e6rk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00280-6","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation and aerobic exercise for cognitive impairment in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (CogEx): a randomised, blinded, sham-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Feinstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0014","unstructured":"Fox J., Weisberg S. An R companion to applied regression. Published 2019. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/www.john-fox.ca\/Companion\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0015","article-title":"The Cognitive & Leisure Activity Scale (CLAS): a new measure to quantify cognitive activities in older adults with and without cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Galvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0016","article-title":"The Cognitive & Leisure Activity Scale (CLAS): a new measure to quantify cognitive activities in older adults with and without cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Galvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0017","unstructured":"Gohel D., Moog S., Heckmann M. Officer: manipulation of Microsoft Word and PowerPoint documents. Published 2024. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=officer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0018","unstructured":"Gohel D., Skintzos P. Flextable: functions for tabular reporting. Published 2024. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=flextable."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104916","article-title":"Cognitive enrichment and education quality moderate cognitive dysfunction in black and white adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1977.44.2.367","article-title":"Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion","volume":"44","author":"Gronwall","year":"1977","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobart, J. Lamping, D., Fitzpatrick, R., Riazi, A., Thompson A. The multiple sclerosis impact scale (MSIS-29): a new patient-based outcome measure. 962\u2013973; 2001.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.962"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13671","article-title":"Can cognitive leisure activity prevent cognitive decline in older adults? A systematic review of intervention studies","volume":"19","author":"Iizuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2021.03.014","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation program in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Morales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0026","series-title":"Danske Normer Til Neuropsykologiske Tests","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0027","unstructured":"Kassambara A. ggpubr: \u201cggplot2\u201d based publication ready plots. Published 2023. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=ggpubr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0028","unstructured":"Lenth R.V. emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. Published 2024. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0029","unstructured":"T. Lumley. (2019). mitools: tools for mutiple imputation of missing data. R Package version 2.4."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564487","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Marrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101458","article-title":"Brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS): a Danish validation study of sensitivity in early stages of MS","volume":"37","author":"Marstrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2010.511272","article-title":"Predicting loss of employment over three years in multiple sclerosis: clinically meaningful cognitive decline","volume":"24","author":"Morrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0033","unstructured":"M\u00fcller K., Wickham H. tibble: simple data frames. Published 2023. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=tibble."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0034","series-title":"Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.07.017","article-title":"Validation of the fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions in a danish multiple sclerosis cohort","volume":"17","author":"Oervik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0036","unstructured":"OpenAI. ChatGPT-4. Published online 2025. https:\/\/openai.com."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0037","unstructured":"Pedersen T.L. Patchwork: the composer of plots. Published 2024. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=patchwork."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509348519","article-title":"The fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions (FSMC): validation of a new instrument to assess multiple sclerosis-related fatigue","volume":"15","author":"Penner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0039","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.685","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction","volume":"41","author":"Rao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1982.55.3.839","article-title":"Children\u2019s production on verbal and non-verbal fluency tasks","volume":"55","author":"Regard","year":"1982","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0395-0","article-title":"Reserve-building activities in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls: a descriptive study","volume":"15","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1694-2","article-title":"Assessing reserve-building pursuits and person characteristics: psychometric validation of the Reserve-Building Measure","volume":"27","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and symptom experience in multiple sclerosis: a buffer to disability progression over time?","volume":"94","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0045","unstructured":"Sealed Envelope Ltd. Create a blocked randomisation list. Published 2024. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/www.sealedenvelope.com\/simple-randomiser\/v1\/lists."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00176","article-title":"Cognitive reserve as a useful concept for early intervention research in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Sumowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513498834","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Sumowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000433","article-title":"Brain reserve and cognitive reserve protect against cognitive decline over 4.5 years in MS","volume":"82","author":"Sumowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f881a6","article-title":"Premorbid cognitive leisure independently contributes to cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Sumowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0051","first-page":"1","article-title":"MICE: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0052","unstructured":"Wei T., Simko V. R package \u201ccorrplot\u201d: visualization of a correlation matrix. Published online 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/taiyun\/corrplot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0053","series-title":"Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0054","unstructured":"Wickham H., Bryan J. readxl: read excel files. Published 2023. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=readxl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0055","unstructured":"Wickham H., Fran\u00e7ois R., Henry L., M\u00fcller K., Vaughan D. dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation. Published 2023. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/dplyr.tidyverse.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282_bib0056","unstructured":"Wickham H., Vaughan D., Girlich M. tidyr: tidy messy data. Published 2024. Accessed July 29, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=tidyr."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826003184?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826003184?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:00:25Z","timestamp":1783112425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826003184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S2211034826003184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cognitively stimulating activities in multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107282","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107282"}}