{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:17:39Z","timestamp":1783426659255,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T23:46:04Z","timestamp":1779839164000},"page":"107283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Reliable Change Indices and Standardized Regression Norms for the Hungarian version of the BICAMS questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Sandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliz","family":"Ny\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Biernacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Kokas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Szamosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsanett","family":"Fricska-Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsigmond Tam\u00e1s","family":"Kincses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"F\u00fcvesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"R\u00f3zsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"V\u00e9csei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Kliv\u00e9nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krisztina","family":"Bencsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.08.019","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-related cognitive changes: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"245","author":"Amato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2020.1761175","article-title":"Clinically reliable cognitive decline in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: Is it the tip of the iceberg?","volume":"42","author":"Andravizou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2016-073","article-title":"Longitudinal Stability of Cognition in Early-Phase Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Does Cognitive Reserve Play a Role?","volume":"20","author":"Barbu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2013-007","article-title":"Determining the Presence of Reliable Change over Time in Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence from the PASAT, Adjusting-PSAT, and Stroop Test","volume":"15","author":"Barker-Collo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues","volume":"19","author":"Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12185-8","article-title":"Isolated cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis: frequency, MRI patterns and its development over time","volume":"271","author":"Bouman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.052","article-title":"Reliable change indices and standardized regression-based change score norms for evaluating neuropsychological change in children with epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Busch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.582836","article-title":"Assessing Cognitive Change and Quality of Life 12 Months After Epilepsy Surgery-Development and Application of Reliable Change Indices and Standardized Regression-Based Change Norms for a Neuropsychological Test Battery in the German Language","volume":"11","author":"Conradi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12220","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical, radiologic and pathologic insights","volume":"25","author":"DeLuca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0007","first-page":"461","article-title":"Practice effects, test-retest stability, and dual baseline assessments with the California Verbal Learning Test in an HIV sample","volume":"16","author":"Duff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.725101","article-title":"Cross cultural validation of the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) and the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS)","volume":"26","author":"Dusankova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol,"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0035","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Predicting cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis: a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"141","author":"Eijlers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0016","first-page":"680","article-title":"ePosters","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.08.002","article-title":"A comparison of methods for measuring cognitive change in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Frerichs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/16.1.75","article-title":"Detecting change: A comparison of three neuropsychological methods, using normal and clinical samples","volume":"16","author":"Heaton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/16.2.183","article-title":"Interpreting change on the WAIS-III\/WMS-III in clinical samples","volume":"16","author":"Iverson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12","article-title":"Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research","volume":"59","author":"Jacobson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518803785","article-title":"Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care","volume":"24","author":"Kalb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431076","article-title":"Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS)","volume":"18","author":"Langdon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802169059","article-title":"Reliable change and practice effects: outcomes of various indices compared","volume":"31","author":"Maassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214762","article-title":"Issues associated with repeated neuropsychological assessments","volume":"5","author":"McCaffrey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049308401901","article-title":"TScores for Change\u201d: An illustration of a regression approach to depicting change in clinical neuropsychology","volume":"7","author":"McSweeny","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07347-5","article-title":"The 7-year follow-up of the Hungarian BICAMS validation cohort implies that cognitive performance may improve in multiple sclerosis patients","author":"Nyari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516629559","article-title":"The cognitive reserve theory in the setting of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Pasto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7661-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: a population-based survey in Catania","volume":"262","author":"Patti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sicily. J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020703","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Brief Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) International Validations","volume":"12","author":"Potticary","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221103134","article-title":"A randomized trial predicting response to cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: Is there a window of opportunity?","volume":"28","author":"Prouskas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"19-20","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01755-1","article-title":"Individual cognitive changes in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using the reliable change index methodology","volume":"133","author":"Rosas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.07.006","article-title":"The Hungarian validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery and the correlation of cognitive impairment with fatigue and quality of life","volume":"4","author":"Sandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.06.017","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive impairment among Hungarian patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Sandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703960085","article-title":"Reexamining the effects of epilepsy surgery on IQ in children: use of regression-based change scores","volume":"9","author":"Sherman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518807082","article-title":"The Multiple Sclerosis Care Unit","volume":"25","author":"Soelberg Sorensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799544068","article-title":"Detecting significant change in neuropsychological test performance: a comparison of four models","volume":"5","author":"Temkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031665","article-title":"Changes in cognitive performance over a 1-year period in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Till","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01172","article-title":"The Contribution of Various MRI Parameters to Clinical and Cognitive Disability in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Toth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin.2020.02.35","article-title":"Computerized cognitive rehabilitation for treatment of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: an explorative study","volume":"19","author":"Vilou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826003196?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826003196?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:35:09Z","timestamp":1783424109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826003196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2211034826003196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reliable Change Indices and Standardized Regression Norms for the Hungarian version of the BICAMS questionnaire","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107283","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107283"}}