{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:31:22Z","timestamp":1787923882691,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Complutense University of Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T15:05:09Z","timestamp":1783263909000},"page":"107377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Vasoactive intestinal Peptide as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5697-6967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Cabrera-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5886-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmina","family":"Juarranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ca\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19555","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007622107","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide loss leads to impaired CNS parenchymal T-cell infiltration and resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"107","author":"Abad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1150-y","article-title":"Immunomodulatory roles of PACAP and VIP: lessons from knockout mice","volume":"66","author":"Abad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05682-5","article-title":"Significance of serum VIP and PACAP in multiple sclerosis: an exploratory case\u2011control study","volume":"43","author":"Al-Keilani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(84)90249-3","article-title":"VIP in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Andersen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0941","article-title":"Specificity and sensitivity of commercially available assays for glucagon and oxyntomodulin measurement in humans","volume":"170","author":"Bak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.08.012","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in humans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"263","author":"Baranowska-Bik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00249-2","article-title":"Blood and CSF biomarkers for multiple sclerosis: emerging clinical applications","volume":"24","author":"Chitnis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-116-4-1418","article-title":"Soluble metalloendopeptidase from rat brain: action on enkephalin-containing peptides and other bioactive peptides","volume":"116","author":"Chu","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.11.002","article-title":"The neuropeptide genes TAC1, TAC3, TAC4, VIP and PACAP (ADCYAP1), and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Cunningham","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmuno."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep134","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic function assessed by autonomic function tests and serum autonomic neuropeptides in Egyptian children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases","volume":"48","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90961-1","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in human cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"124","author":"Fahrenkrug","year":"1977","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535430","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"36","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1317.026","article-title":"VIP prevents experimental multiple sclerosis by downregulating both inflammatory and autoimmune components of the disease","volume":"1070","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0041-4","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Filippi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.09.011","article-title":"CSF and blood biomarkers in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases: implications for treatment","volume":"41","author":"Gaetani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1317.031","article-title":"VIP-PACAP system in immunity: new insights for multitarget therapy","volume":"1070","author":"Gomariz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051081","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"168","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01871.x","article-title":"Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR review 1","volume":"166","author":"Harmar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","article-title":"Treatment of Multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"133","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094788","article-title":"Exploring the pro-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory functions of PACAP and VIP in microglia: implications for Multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Jansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8850","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168850","article-title":"Differential expression of PACAP\/VIP receptors in the post-mortem CNS whit matter of multiple sclerosis donors","volume":"25","author":"Jansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.08.020","article-title":"Expression of synovial fluid and articular cartilage VIP in human osteoarthritic knee: a new indicator of disease severity?","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0023","first-page":"148","article-title":"Assessment of plasma brain\u2011derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), activity\u2011dependent neurotrophin protein (ADNP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) concentrations in treatment\u2011na\u00efve humans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Kochanowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158578","article-title":"VIP\/VPAC axis expression in Immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: associated miRNA signatures","volume":"23","author":"Lamana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010065","article-title":"A clinical approach for the use of VIP axis in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"21","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085248","article-title":"Serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide as a prognostic marker in early arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039192","article-title":"Serum vasoactive intestinal peptide as a novel biomarker for low-voltage areas in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Nishino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA, 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"4909","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0029","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Catalytic hydrolysis of vasoactive intestinal peptide by human autoantibody","volume":"244","author":"Paul","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149141","article-title":"Clinical relevance of VPAC1 receptor expression in early arthritis: association with IL-6 and disease activity","volume":"11","author":"Seoane","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0517-6","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide in early spondyloarthritis: low serum levels as a potential biomarker for disease severity","volume":"56","author":"Seoane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(84)90248-1","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"5","author":"Sharpless","year":"1984","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200100","article-title":"Molecular engineering of short half-life small peptides (VIP, \u03b1MSH and \u03b3\u2083MSH) fused to latency-associated peptide results in improved anti-inflammatory therapeutics","volume":"71","author":"Vessillier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377_bib0034","article-title":"Biomarkers in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600413X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600413X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:52:44Z","timestamp":1787921564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221103482600413X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S221103482600413X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vasoactive intestinal Peptide as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107377","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107377"}}