{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:29:07Z","timestamp":1787923747691,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:14:08Z","timestamp":1783318448000},"page":"107380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Executive Summary of the Malaysian consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0094-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanthi","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masita","family":"Arip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhailah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu Liong","family":"Hiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Hoong","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahavishnu","family":"Sahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhayalen","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin Hong","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie Kar Yan","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Yee","family":"Chey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huey Tean","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Xin","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathika","family":"Rajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Mardhiana","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King Yen","family":"Choong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrul","family":"Abdul Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Fatimah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulkifli","family":"Abas @ Buang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei Zhi","family":"Hor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seow Huey","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal Preet Kaur","family":"Santok Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richearn","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515581438","article-title":"Treatment of acute relapses in neuromyelitis optica: steroids alone versus steroids plus plasma exchange","volume":"22","author":"Abboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10783-4","article-title":"Symptomatic and restorative therapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"269","author":"Abboud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.608149","article-title":"Early treatment initiation with oral prednisolone for relapse prevention alleviates depression and fatigue in Aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Akaishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.385293","article-title":"Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG) and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-IgG) in the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"19","author":"Akaishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural. Regener. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106847","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A Saudi expert panel review","volume":"104","author":"Aljarallah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib79","first-page":"1","article-title":"2025 Brazilian guidelines for the management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in adults and children","volume":"83","author":"Ap\u00f3stolos-Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1166490","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Aungsumart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2504","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201260","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness and safety of Rituximab in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder and MOG antibody Disease","volume":"99","author":"Barreras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200450","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of Satralizumab in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder from the SAkuraMoon open-label extension study","volume":"12","author":"Bennett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.78.1_MeetingAbstracts.P04.141","article-title":"Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica with intravenous immunoglobulin: report of 8 patients (P04.141)","volume":"78","author":"Bichuetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518776584","article-title":"Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Bichuetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200536","article-title":"Real-world efficacy and safety of Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder disease-modifying treatments","volume":"13","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00888","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of NMO spectrum disorder and MOG-encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Borisow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1684004","article-title":"Two cases of pediatric AQP4-antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder successfully treated with Tocilizumab","volume":"50","author":"Breu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231224683","article-title":"Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Briggs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2023.06.009","article-title":"Updates in NMOSD and MOGAD diagnosis and treatment: a tale of two Central nervous system autoimmune inflammatory disorders","volume":"42","author":"Cacciaguerra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241292797","article-title":"How to avoid missing a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"31","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2018.12.013","article-title":"Experience with tocilizumab in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"37","author":"Carre\u00f3n Guarnizo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurologia (Engl. Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123124","article-title":"World Federation of Neurology Needs Registry Survey, 2021","volume":"465","author":"Carroll","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1095","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201662","article-title":"Significance of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in CSF: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"100","author":"Carta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib21","series-title":"Clinical guidance for managing meningococcal disease risk in patients receiving complement inhibitor therapy","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106544","article-title":"Navigating a paradigm shift in the treatment of CNS demyelinating diseases in a middle-income country","volume":"100","author":"Chew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864261440665","article-title":"Rituximab and IVIG added to plasma exchange improves the outcome of severe CNS demyelinating attacks: a retrospective study","volume":"19","author":"Chico-Garcia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib24","series-title":"Presented at ECTRIMS Congress","article-title":"2025 diagnostic criteria for NMOSD: implications for double seronegative cases","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.22043","article-title":"Guidelines on the use of therapeutic Apheresis in clinical practice - evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the ninth special issue","volume":"38","author":"Connelly-Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"issue":"10206","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3","article-title":"Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Cree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2024.01.008","article-title":"Disease-modifying treatments for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the context of a new generation of biotherapies","volume":"181","author":"Demuth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","article-title":"Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologi criteria for reporting of Delphi studies","volume":"67","author":"Diamon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.660741","article-title":"Eculizumab in the treatment of Aquaporin-4 seronegative Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Digala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.33590\/neurolamj\/ZSFM1010","article-title":"The, 2024 revised MacDonald Criteria: AAN, 2025 highlights","volume":"2","author":"Dugue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol AMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000463","article-title":"Monitoring B-cell repopulation after depletion therapy in neurologic patients","volume":"5","author":"Ellwardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513495938","article-title":"Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica: experience in 10 patients","volume":"20","author":"Elsone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000694","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: still evolving and broadening","volume":"32","author":"Fujihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577925","article-title":"IL-6 as a marker for NMOSD disease activity","volume":"370","author":"Haramati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib35","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105998","article-title":"Underemployment, work hour reduction, and income loss: a global, multi-centered, cohort study of Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"92","author":"Hjerthen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00729-x","article-title":"Emerging role of targeted monoclonal antibodies in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"39","author":"Holian","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00794-y","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for serious infections in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder: a claims database study in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Isobe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2025-001286","article-title":"Transplacental transfer of ravulizumab in a pregnant woman with neuromyelitis optica: a case report","volume":"7","author":"Jacob","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol. Open."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11634-0","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: diagnosis and differential diagnosis","volume":"270","author":"Jarius","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-52","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance","volume":"7","author":"Jarius","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511411758","article-title":"An early case of neuromyelitis optica: on a forgotten report by Jacob Lockhart Clarke, FRS","volume":"17","author":"Jarius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.18.2.152","article-title":"An update on the laboratory diagnosis of Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"18","author":"Jeyalatha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105859","article-title":"Efficacy of tocilizumab in highly relapsing MOGAD with an inadequate response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: a case series","volume":"91","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0387-9","article-title":"Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder: acute, preventive, and symptomatic","volume":"18","author":"Kessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1179","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001179","article-title":"Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and risk of infection in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders: a 14-year real-life experience","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2151441","article-title":"An update on biologic treatments for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000504","article-title":"Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: a retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions","volume":"5","author":"Kleiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11910-z","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: attack therapy and long-term management","volume":"271","author":"K\u00fcmpfel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"7_Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208871","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of pharmacotherapeutic agents (P11-8.020)","volume":"104","author":"Ladha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211054157","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapy in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000217915","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of satralizumab in patients with relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): results from the phase 3 METEOROID trial (PL5.006)","volume":"106","author":"Levy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15425","article-title":"Immunosuppressant and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: optimal treatment duration and risk of discontinuation","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70128","article-title":"High-efficacy treatment in Neuromyelitis Optica specturm disorder patients with seropositive AQP4 antibodies-A real-world study","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12099","article-title":"The pathology of an autoimmune astrocytopathy: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica","volume":"24","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103356","article-title":"AQP4-IgG-seronegative patient outcomes in the N-MOmentum trial of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"57","author":"Marignier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00270-4","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"24","author":"Montalban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001089","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Musubire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577812","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rituximab for relapse prevention in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG)-associated disorders (MOGAD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"364","author":"Nepal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01191-7","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness and safety of Rituximab in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder: a 5-year observational study","volume":"39","author":"Novi","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS. Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-017-0123-5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: potential advantages for individualised monitoring of progression and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Oertel","year":"2017","journal-title":"EPMa J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105041","article-title":"Treatment transitions in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder increase risk for disease advancement","volume":"79","author":"Okuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53838-y","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"14","author":"Ongphichetmetha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102641","article-title":"Benefits of eculizumab in AQP4+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: subgroup analyses of the randomized controlled phase 3 PREVENT trial","volume":"47","author":"Palace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011153","article-title":"Worldwide incidence and prevalence of Neuromyelitis Optica: a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200124","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200124","article-title":"International Delphi Consensus on the Management of AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD: recommendations for Eculizumab, Inebilizumab, and Satralizumab","volume":"10","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26626","article-title":"Ravulizumab in Aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"93","author":"Pittock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","article-title":"Eculizumab in Aquaporin-4\u2013Positive Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"381","author":"Pittock","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib71","article-title":"Introduction to the GRADE tool for rating certainty in evidence and recommendations","volume":"25","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"7_supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000205329","article-title":"Eculizumab therapy in a seronegative patient with NMOSD: a case report (P10-14.009)","volume":"102","author":"Ramirez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26931","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of MOG antibody testing in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"96","author":"Redenbaugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib74","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-IgG\u2013Associated disease and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Ringlestein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200548","article-title":"Complement inhibition for acute neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attacks: insights from an international case series","volume":"13","author":"Rommer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib76","article-title":"Factors associated with relapse and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013Associated disease in the United Kingdom","volume":"5","author":"Satukjchai","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2148657","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a current review","volume":"19","author":"Schindler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104949","article-title":"Severe disease reactivation in seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients after stopping eculizumab treatment","volume":"79","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e624","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207481","article-title":"Global Barriers to the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: data from the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"101","author":"Solomon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211014389","article-title":"A window into the future? MRI for evaluation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder throughout the disease course","volume":"14","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73882-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Songwisit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30066-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Tahara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.12479","article-title":"Central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases and neuroimmunology in Singapore\u2014epidemiology and evolution of an emerging subspecialty","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib85","article-title":"Incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in China: a national population-based study","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"issue":"23_Supplement_2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000903292.80558.d3","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of NMOSD, MS, and MOGAD in Thailand: a population-based study","volume":"99","author":"Tisavipat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104485","article-title":"Barriers to access and unmet needs to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders care in an Argentinean cohort","volume":"70","author":"Tkachuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241283648","article-title":"Eculizumab treatment during pregnancy in a patient with AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD: a case report","volume":"31","author":"Tommaso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30078-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Traboulsee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2022.2145879","article-title":"Transitioning immunotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder \u2013 when and how to switch","volume":"22","author":"Vishnevetsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan S., Wong A.H., Quek A.M., Yuki N. Intravenous immunoglobulin may reduce relapse frequency in neuromyelitis optica. J. Neuroimmunol.;282:92\u201396. doi:10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.03.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.03.021"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518792430","article-title":"A nationwide epidemiological study on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with important multi-ethnic differences in Malaysia","volume":"25","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib93","article-title":"Remedial effect of intravenous cyclophosphamide in corticosteroid-refractory patients in the acute phase of Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder-related Optic neuritis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105062","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: updated meta-analysis of efficacy and safety","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10026-y","article-title":"Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey","volume":"267","author":"Whittam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26049","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of Eculizumab in Aquaporin-4 IgG-positive NMOSD","volume":"89","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib100","series-title":"Presented at ECTRIMS Congress","article-title":"IPND, 2025: revised Consensus criteria, Classification, and nomenclature for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231199819","article-title":"Double-negative neuromyelitis optica sprectrum disorder","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747","article-title":"Trial of Satralizumab in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"381","author":"Yamamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11641-1","article-title":"Different monoclonal antibodies and immunosuppressants administration in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2026.578945","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody efficacy in seropositive vs seronegative NMOSD: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"417","author":"Zammar","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30070-3","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380_bib106","article-title":"Immunotherapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a comparative analysis of efficacy and safety of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and rituximab","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826004165?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826004165?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:49:02Z","timestamp":1787921342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826004165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S2211034826004165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Executive Summary of the Malaysian consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107380","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107380"}}