{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:13:18Z","timestamp":1793841198478,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1783782250000},"page":"107392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Retinal neuroaxonal degeneration in NMOSD vs. MS and unaffected controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis of OCT biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Bojun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70919-w","article-title":"Progressive patterns of neurological disability in Multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"10","author":"Akaishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167473","article-title":"Retinal morphology and sensitivity are primarily impaired in eyes with Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)","volume":"11","author":"Akiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0027","article-title":"A novel investigation method for axonal damage in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder: in vivo corneal confocal microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Alt\u0131nta\u015f","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211028831","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography indicates subclinical retinal disease in neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"28","author":"Aly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102625","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder and Multiple sclerosis: a population-based study","volume":"47","author":"Ashtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104160","article-title":"Use of retinal optical coherence tomography to differentiate suspected neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"68","author":"Ayoubi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001297","article-title":"Bruch membrane opening minimum rim width in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"42","author":"Bechet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514567216","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica and Multiple sclerosis: seeing differences through optical coherence tomography","volume":"21","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00035","article-title":"The detection of retina microvascular density in subclinical aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03380-z","article-title":"Intravitreal delivery of NMO-IgG causes primary retinal damage in the absence of optic nerve injury","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz026","article-title":"Imaging markers of disability in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G seropositive neuromyelitis optica: a graph theory study","volume":"1","author":"Chien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0044","first-page":"26","article-title":"Analysis of peripapillary retinal nerve Fiber layer and macular volume in patients with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders, and healthy controls using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in a Turkish cohort","volume":"25","author":"\u00c7olpak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. Noroloji. Derg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201465","article-title":"Differentiating multiple sclerosis from AQP4-Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder and MOG-antibody disease with imaging","volume":"100","author":"Cortese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001135","article-title":"Optic nerve lesion length at the acute phase of Optic neuritis is predictive of retinal neuronal loss","volume":"9","author":"Denis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018132","article-title":"Association of retinal and macular damage with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"D\u00f6rr","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/174720","article-title":"Epidemiology of Neuromyelitis Optica in the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0746-9","article-title":"Complement-independent retinal pathology produced by Intravitreal injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G","volume":"13","author":"Felix","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.066","article-title":"Evaluation of inner retinal layers in patients with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica using optical coherence tomography","volume":"120","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00928","article-title":"Outer retinal dysfunction on multifocal electroretinography may help differentiating multiple sclerosis from Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Filgueiras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001285","article-title":"Comparison of visual evoked potentials in patients affected by optic neuritis from multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"42","author":"Filgueiras","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520977771","article-title":"Evidence of subclinical quantitative retinal layer abnormalities in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD","volume":"27","author":"Filippatou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001282","article-title":"Optic neuritis-independent retinal atrophy in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"42","author":"Filippatou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.216","article-title":"Towards more-accurate diagnosis in neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"10","author":"Fujihara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11381-8","article-title":"Peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) and MOG-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD)","volume":"270","author":"Gernert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19848-4","article-title":"Structure-function correlates of vision loss in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"12","author":"Gigengack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0723-8","article-title":"Sex differences in autoimmune disorders of the Central nervous system","volume":"41","author":"Gold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1332","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.5.C1332","article-title":"Aquaporins in complex tissues: distribution of Aquaporins 1-5 in Human and rat eye","volume":"274","author":"Hamann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701960114","article-title":"Autoantibody-induced internalization of CNS AQP4 water channel and EAAT2 glutamate transporter requires astrocytic fc receptor","volume":"114","author":"Hinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24608","article-title":"Clinicopathological features in anterior visual pathway in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"79","author":"Hokari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000703","article-title":"Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"31","author":"Holroyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22635","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica IgG stimulates an immunological response in rat astrocyte cultures","volume":"62","author":"Howe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11482-4","article-title":"Retina thickness in clinically affected and unaffected eyes in patients with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8138-8","article-title":"Subclinical primary retinal pathology in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"263","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg5116","article-title":"APOE from patient-derived astrocytic extracellular vesicles alleviates neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in a mouse model","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01076","article-title":"Retinal degeneration after first-ever optic neuritis helps differentiate multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70038","article-title":"Hyperreflective retinal foci are associated with retinal degeneration after optic neuritis in Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders and Multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Klyscz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1029124","article-title":"Retinal structural and microvascular changes in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an OCT\/OCTA study","volume":"14","author":"Lang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31829c510e","article-title":"Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of retinal nerve Fiber layer thickness in NMO patients","volume":"33","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102780","article-title":"Differential patterns of parafoveal and peripapillary vessel density in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.03.001","article-title":"Optic neuritis in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"36","author":"Levin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retinal Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105478","article-title":"Combination of serum markers with optical coherence tomography angiography for evaluating neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327412","article-title":"Astrocytic outer retinal layer thinning is not a feature in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"93","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf151","article-title":"A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic\u2019s neuromyelitis optica","volume":"125","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v15.i1.98482","article-title":"Macular microvascular and structural changes on optical coherence tomography angiography in Atypical optic neuritis","volume":"15","author":"Mahatme","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340211","article-title":"Devic\u2019s Neuromyelitis Optica: a clinicopathological study of 8 patients","volume":"34","author":"Mandler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17111894","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"17","author":"Manogaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.05.014","article-title":"Quantifying visual pathway axonal and myelin loss in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica","volume":"11","author":"Manogaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1815","article-title":"Retinal peripapillary nerve Fiber layer thickness in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"49","author":"Merle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11449-5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and cognitive performance in Multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Mirmosayyeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9324","article-title":"Quantification of retinal neural loss in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis with or without optic neuritis using fourier-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Monteiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000805","article-title":"Altered fovea in AQP4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Motamedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1344-7","article-title":"Early high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone is effective in preserving retinal nerve Fiber layer thickness in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"248","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318382","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell loss in neuromyelitis Optica: a longitudinal study","volume":"89","author":"Oertel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001068","article-title":"Retinal optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"8","author":"Oertel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26440","article-title":"Longitudinal retinal changes in MOGAD","volume":"92","author":"Oertel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330608","article-title":"Diagnostic value of Intereye difference metrics for optic neuritis in aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"94","author":"Oertel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200273","article-title":"Retinal changes in double-antibody seronegative neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"11","author":"Oertel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_22_20","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve Fiber layer thickness and optic nerve functions in fellow eye of neuromyelitis Optica with unilateral optic neuritis","volume":"10","author":"Ong Chin Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515578888","article-title":"A comparative optical coherence tomography study in Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and Multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Outteryck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0720-6","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 4: afferent visual system damage after optic neuritis in MOG-IgG-seropositive versus AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients","volume":"13","author":"Pache","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2019.1599027","article-title":"Progression of anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration in the Human retina is modulated by axonal convergence and divergence","volume":"43","author":"Panneman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmol. Aeolus Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102608","article-title":"Lateral geniculate nucleus volume changes after optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica: a longitudinal study","volume":"30","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.10.028","article-title":"Evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"383","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309412","article-title":"Retinal segmented layers with strong aquaporin-4 expression suffered more injuries in neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders compared with optic neuritis with aquaporin-4 antibody seronegativity detected by optical coherence tomography","volume":"101","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14325","article-title":"Different alteration patterns of sub-macular choroidal thicknesses in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies sero-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases and isolated optic neuritis","volume":"98","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30278-8","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation in Multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Petzold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519861603","article-title":"Subclinical neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder revealed by optical coherence tomography","volume":"26","author":"Pisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00568-8","article-title":"Hope for patients with Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders - from mechanisms to trials","volume":"17","author":"Pittock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181af78b8","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography helps differentiate neuromyelitis optica and MS optic neuropathies","volume":"73","author":"Ratchford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14766","article-title":"Foveal changes in aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder are independent of optic neuritis and not overtly progressive","volume":"28","author":"Roca-Fernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90036-6","article-title":"Differentiation between Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"11","author":"Rogaczewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12658","article-title":"Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measured with SD-OCT in a population-based study of French elderly subjects: the alienor study","volume":"93","author":"Rougier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70214","article-title":"Comorbidities are associated with unfavorable outcome in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: exploratory study from the CROCTINO cohort","volume":"32","author":"Samadzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.11.008","article-title":"Severe structural and functional visual system damage leads to profound loss of vision-related quality of life in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066151","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography reveals distinct patterns of retinal damage in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260612.51849.ed","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of retinal abnormalities in predicting disease activity in MS","volume":"68","author":"Sepulcre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01236","article-title":"Association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and optic neuritis damage in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.06.022","article-title":"Differing structural and functional patterns of optic nerve damage in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"126","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.04.023","article-title":"Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer change detected by optical coherence tomography indicates progression in advanced glaucoma","volume":"124","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2f7a","article-title":"Vivo identification of morphologic retinal abnormalities in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"80","author":"Sotirchos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.06.008","article-title":"Gender differences among Chinese patients with Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorders","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0083","first-page":"136","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of retinal nerve Fiber layer change in dementia, using optical coherence tomography","volume":"1","author":"Thomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Amst. Neth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0063","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve Fiber layer and ganglion cell complex in patients with optic neuritis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders using optical coherence tomography in a Chinese cohort","volume":"2015","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517727604","article-title":"Bidirectional degeneration in the visual pathway in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)","volume":"24","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103503","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in differential diagnosis of aquaporin-4 antibody seronegative NMOSD and multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Tiftikcioglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46251-3","article-title":"In vivo structural and functional assessment of optic nerve damage in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Vabanesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000203","article-title":"Test-retest variability of retinal nerve Fiber layer thickness and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness measurements using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"24","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0067","article-title":"Comparison of ocular changes in multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder patients","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105423","article-title":"Retinal structural and microvascular deterioration independent of optic neuritis in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an optical coherence tomography angiography study","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.002","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: pathogenesis, treatment, and experimental models","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e527","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006873","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography is highly sensitive in detecting prior optic neuritis","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.01.016","article-title":"Evidence of M\u00fcller glial dysfunction in patients with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder","volume":"126","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.06.052","article-title":"The application of RNFL thickness detection in early differential diagnosis among various types of idiopathic optic neuritis","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104923","article-title":"Subclinical damage to the contralateral eye in unilateral optic neuritis: a longitudinal study","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512457844","article-title":"Optic neuritis interferes with optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging correlations","volume":"19","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600427X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221103482600427X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:49:43Z","timestamp":1787921383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221103482600427X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S221103482600427X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Retinal neuroaxonal degeneration in NMOSD vs. MS and unaffected controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis of OCT biomarkers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107392","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107392"}}