{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:30:06Z","timestamp":1787923806951,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:08:45Z","timestamp":1784560125000},"page":"107398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Acute transverse myelitis excluding MS, NMOSD and MOGAD: A 15-year real-world cohort from Iran"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1736-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5465-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Bahrami Hezaveh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Javandoust Gharehbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5232-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Maghsudloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-9446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Haghighi-Morad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2650-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilad","family":"Alavi Darazam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.383","article-title":"Clinical features and prognoses of acute transverse myelitis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5450-6","article-title":"The clinical course of idiopathic acute transverse myelitis in patients from Rio de Janeiro","volume":"257","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.008","article-title":"Transverse myelitis","volume":"31","author":"Beh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0031","first-page":"20","article-title":"Transverse myelitis in Beh\u00e7et's disease: a series of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Bitik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.05.018","article-title":"Transverse myelitis","volume":"11","author":"Borchers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.949","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of acute partial transverse myelitis","volume":"69","author":"Bourre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6121","article-title":"MRI predictors of recurrence and outcome after acute transverse myelitis of unidentified etiology","volume":"40","author":"Bulut","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0022","first-page":"132","article-title":"The prevalence of brucellosis in different provinces of Iran during 2013-2015","volume":"48","author":"Chalabiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2011.09.014","article-title":"Acute transverse myelitis in Buenos Aires, Argentina. A retrospective cohort study of 8 years follow up]","volume":"27","author":"Chaves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577456","article-title":"Etiological spectrum, clinico-radiological profile and treatment outcomes of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis - a prospective study from Northwest India","volume":"351","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188896.48308.26","article-title":"Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis: application of the recent diagnostic criteria","volume":"65","author":"de Seze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1001112","article-title":"Clinical practice. Transverse myelitis","volume":"363","author":"Frohman","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05662-9","article-title":"Spectrum of neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"43","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26065","article-title":"ANA Investigates: Neurological Complications of COVID-19 Vaccines","volume":"89","author":"Goss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.10.009","article-title":"Discriminatory features of acute transverse myelitis: a retrospective analysis of 45 patients","volume":"217","author":"Harzheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.12.019","article-title":"Prognostic factors for relapse and outcome in pediatric acute transverse myelitis","volume":"43","author":"Helfferich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0021","unstructured":"Iran, Islamic Rep. Economic state in world bank group. 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.06.011","article-title":"Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: a retrospective analysis of sixty-four patients at tertiary care center of North-West India","volume":"148","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome","volume":"13","author":"Jarius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540050074019","article-title":"Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events","volume":"50","author":"Jeffery","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515613642","article-title":"Spinal cord involvement in Beh\u00e7et's disease","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6486","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27203","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01773-w","article-title":"Outcome and risk of recurrence in a large cohort of idiopathic longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis without AQP4\/MOG antibodies","volume":"17","author":"Maillart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102481","article-title":"Differential diagnosis in acute inflammatory myelitis","volume":"46","author":"Marrodan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0023","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0024","unstructured":"Organization(WHO), Global tuberculosis report. 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.499","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"59","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.653786","article-title":"Acute transverse myelitis (ATM):clinical review of 43 patients with COVID-19-Associated ATM and 3 post-vaccination ATM serious adverse events with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (AZD1222)","volume":"12","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007828","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 and MOG autoantibody discovery in idiopathic transverse myelitis epidemiology","volume":"93","author":"Sechi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.143","article-title":"Diagnostic workup of patients with acute transverse myelitis: spectrum of clinical presentation, neuroimaging and laboratory findings","volume":"47","author":"Sellner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512461968","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic factors associated with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis","volume":"19","author":"Sep\u00falveda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102562","article-title":"Frequency and etiology of acute transverse myelitis in Southern Finland","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000209","article-title":"Recurrent longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis in a neuro-Beh\u00e7et syndrome treated with infliximab","volume":"38","author":"Uyguno\u011flu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223221097330","article-title":"Exploring the risk factors and prognosis of transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102996","article-title":"Relapse rates and risk factors for unfavorable neurological prognosis of transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20770","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis","volume":"59","author":"Weinshenker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01031-1","article-title":"Incidence rates of autoimmune diseases in european healthcare databases: a contribution of the Advance project","volume":"44","author":"Willame","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509345906","article-title":"Clinically isolated acute transverse myelitis: prognostic features and incidence","volume":"15","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826004335?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826004335?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:50:49Z","timestamp":1787921449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826004335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S2211034826004335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute transverse myelitis excluding MS, NMOSD and MOGAD: A 15-year real-world cohort from Iran","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107398","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107398"}}