{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T09:26:28Z","timestamp":1793957188286,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:46:28Z","timestamp":1788849988000},"page":"107917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Activated platelets in multiple sclerosis: Immunoinflammatory mechanisms and the therapeutic controversy of acetylsalicylic acid"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Hosam","family":"Al-Jehani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayder M.","family":"Al-Kuraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7883-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weam A.","family":"Elkady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arafa","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101873","article-title":"Glutamate and Nitric Oxide as biomarkers for disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Abdel Naseer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-004-0954-8","article-title":"Mitochondrial damage and histotoxic hypoxia: a pathway of tissue injury in inflammatory brain disease","volume":"109","author":"Aboul-Enein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01240-x","article-title":"The potential therapeutic effect of statins in multiple sclerosis: beneficial or detrimental effects","volume":"31","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2259281","article-title":"The beneficial role of autophagy in multiple sclerosis: yes or no","volume":"20","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040630","article-title":"Thinking outside the ischemia box: advancements in the use of multiple sclerosis drugs in ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Aloizou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17864","article-title":"P2Y12 regulates platelet adhesion\/activation, thrombus growth, and thrombus stability in injured arteries","volume":"112","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)91492-X","article-title":"Platelet behaviour in multiple sclerosis","volume":"291","author":"Andreoli","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02051-5","article-title":"Bioavailability of aspirin in fasted and fed states of a novel pharmaceutical lipid aspirin complex formulation","volume":"49","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01090-2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of a novel phospholipid aspirin formulation","volume":"61","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108478","article-title":"Preparing to strike: acute events in signaling by the serpentine receptor for thromboxane A2","volume":"248","author":"Ashton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1134\/S1819712413030021","article-title":"Platelet serotonin in multiple sclerosis and its relationship with fatigue syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Baidina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1171-15.2016","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor receptors mediate excitatory postsynaptic hippocampal injury in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"36","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92718-9","article-title":"Platelet behaviour and plasma phospholipids in multiple sclerosis","volume":"291","author":"Bolton","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00246-X","article-title":"Platelet activating factor is elevated in cerebral spinal fluid and plasma of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Callea","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2011.03.007","article-title":"Mitochondrial changes associated with demyelination: consequences for axonal integrity","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03550.x","article-title":"Relevance of platelet factor four (PF4) plasma levels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Cananzi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0017","series-title":"Inflammatory Mechanisms in Allergic Diseases","first-page":"233","article-title":"Lipid inflammatory mediators: leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor","author":"Christie","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.25803","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin and the risk of stroke and intracerebral bleeding in healthy older people: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Cloud","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"9038","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09457-3","article-title":"A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE)","volume":"348","author":"Committee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012323","article-title":"Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: new insights","volume":"97","author":"Cree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00107","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies overlapping in isolated neurological syndrome and multiple sclerosis: neurobiological insights and diagnostic challenges","volume":"13","author":"D\u2019Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.050","article-title":"Aspirin inhibits mTOR signaling, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, and induces autophagy in colorectal cancer cells","volume":"142","author":"Din","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0023","first-page":"1","article-title":"A tetra paresis revealing multiple sclerosis: about a case and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Dore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Libr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.12.8470","article-title":"E- and P-selectin are not required for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL\/6 and SJL mice","volume":"179","author":"Doring","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7722","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207722","article-title":"Increased pro-thrombotic platelet activity associated with thrombin\/PAR1-dependent pathway disorder in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6572","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126572","article-title":"The molecular aspects of disturbed platelet activation through ADP\/P2Y12 pathway in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8412","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238412","article-title":"Acetylsalicylic acid-primus inter pares in Pharmacology","volume":"27","author":"Fija\u0142kowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-022-02687-5","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of a novel phospholipid-aspirin complex liquid formulation and low dose enteric-coated aspirin: results from a prospective, randomized, crossover study","volume":"54","author":"Franchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.04.008","article-title":"Clinical and MRI correlates of autoreactive antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"187","author":"Garg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-72-17426","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of para-aminobenzoic acid and sodium salicylate on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"72","author":"Good","year":"1949","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564835","article-title":"Platelet physiology","volume":"42","author":"Gremmel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102446","article-title":"Concentrations of plasma-borne extracellular particles differ between multiple sclerosis disease courses and compared to healthy controls","volume":"45","author":"Groen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02334-x","article-title":"Defining platelet response to acetylsalicylic acid: the relation between inhibition of serum thromboxane B 2 and agonist-induced platelet aggregation","volume":"51","author":"Gurbel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8139","article-title":"The landscape of coding and noncoding RNAs in platelets","volume":"34","author":"Gutmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199802000-00008","article-title":"Transcription factor NF-\u039aB and Inhibitor l\u03baB\u03b1 are localized in macrophages in active multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"57","author":"Gveric","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12101","article-title":"Platelets and autoimmunity","volume":"43","author":"Habets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02901.x","article-title":"Absence of reuptake of serotonin influences susceptibility to clinical autoimmune disease and neuroantigen-specific interferon-gamma production in mouse EAE","volume":"142","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125341","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate matter promotes platelet activation and thrombosis via obesity-related inflammation","volume":"413","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09090-5","article-title":"Oral antipyretics for fatigue alleviation and exercise enhancement in adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-916671","article-title":"Platelets: physiology and biochemistry","volume":"31","author":"Jurk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050660","article-title":"Dual phase regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by platelet-activating factor","volume":"202","author":"Kihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020162","article-title":"Platelet depletion is effective in ameliorating anxiety-like behavior and reducing the pro-inflammatory environment in the hippocampus in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Kocovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0043","first-page":"117","article-title":"Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by various agents","volume":"56","author":"Kolb","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000145574.90840.7d","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: players in the platelet game","volume":"24","author":"Kr\u00f6tz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256370","article-title":"Platelets contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"110","author":"Langer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15360","article-title":"The contribution of neuropathology to multiple sclerosis research","volume":"29","author":"Lassmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517739138","article-title":"Aspirin is an effective pretreatment for exercise in multiple sclerosis: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"24","author":"Leavitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12147-6","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of oral antipyretic treatment to reduce overheating during exercise in adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"271","author":"Leavitt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000770","article-title":"Effects and safety of aspirin use in patients after cerebrovascular bypass procedures","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30140-X","article-title":"Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: from basic science to clinical translation","volume":"19","author":"Lubetzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009636","article-title":"The 2013 clinical course descriptors for multiple sclerosis: a clarification","volume":"94","author":"Lublin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxz276","article-title":"Aspirin rechallenge in an adult patient previously diagnosed with Reye syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Magrum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073868","article-title":"Beyond hemostasis: platelet innate immune interactions and thromboinflammation","volume":"23","author":"Mandel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.09.005","article-title":"The immune nature of platelets revisited","volume":"34","author":"Maouia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519886943","article-title":"The temporal and causal relationship between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Milo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.10.1319","article-title":"Elevated plasma endothelial microparticles in multiple sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Minagar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18533","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.447268","article-title":"Up-regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor in astrocytes by aspirin: implications for remyelination in multiple sclerosis","volume":"288","author":"Modi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"558","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aar8278","article-title":"Aspirin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through interleukin-11-mediated protection of regulatory T cells","volume":"11","author":"Mondal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.11.038","article-title":"Sodium salicylate-induced amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats is associated with the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenases","volume":"356","author":"Moon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0060","article-title":"P2Y12 expression and function in alternatively activated human microglia","volume":"2","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/240918","article-title":"Relationship between the increased haemostatic properties of blood platelets and oxidative stress level in multiple sclerosis patients with the secondary progressive stage","author":"Morel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2770-6","article-title":"The increased level of COX-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism in blood platelets from secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"420","author":"Morel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-2955-7","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis reveals the high levels of platelet activation parameters in circulation of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"430","author":"Morel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.05.106","article-title":"Loss of AMPK exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease severity","volume":"386","author":"Nath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0065","first-page":"462","article-title":"Platelet adhesive index studies in multiple sclerosis and other neurologic disorders","volume":"28","author":"Nathanson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Bull. N. Acad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963","article-title":"Platelets in multiple sclerosis: early and central mediators of inflammation and neurodegeneration and attractive targets for molecular imaging and site-directed therapy","volume":"12","author":"Orian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2019.4814","article-title":"Mode of action of aspirin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"38","author":"Pahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101723","article-title":"The inflammatory role of platelets: translational insights from experimental studies of autoimmune disorders","volume":"17","author":"Pankratz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140043","article-title":"Toxicity of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen towards freshwater invertebrates: a review","volume":"740","author":"Parolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202400019","article-title":"Characterisation of platelet releasate proteome in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis reveals dysregulation of inflammatory signalling and extracellular vesicle dynamics","volume":"19","author":"Parsons","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15966","article-title":"Fifty years with aspirin and platelets","volume":"180","author":"Patrono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae324","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"45","author":"Patrono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12523","article-title":"The risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with multiple sclerosis: the clinical practice research datalink","volume":"12","author":"Peeters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17520363.2024.2441106","article-title":"Hematological markers as prognostic indicators in multiple sclerosis progression","volume":"19","author":"Poursadeghfard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.120","article-title":"Association between aspirin use and risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601549","article-title":"Critical role of P2Y12 receptor in regulation of Th17 differentiation and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis","volume":"199","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0077","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low dose aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids in the pro-resolving pathway of cardiovascular disorders","volume":"6","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol. Angiol.: Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036325","article-title":"Implications of altered glutathione metabolism in aspirin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells","volume":"7","author":"Raza","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.14.9","article-title":"Circulating microparticles reflect treatment effects and clinical status in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Saenz-Cuesta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-019-00019-8","article-title":"Metformin accelerates myelin recovery and ameliorates behavioral deficits in the animal model of multiple sclerosis via adjustment of AMPK\/Nrf2\/mTOR signaling and maintenance of endogenous oligodendrogenesis during brain self-repairing period","volume":"72","author":"Sanadgol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/apc.APC_206_20","article-title":"Evaluation of high-dose aspirin elimination in the treatment of Kawasaki disease in the incidence of coronary artery aneurysm","volume":"14","author":"Sanati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02386-1","article-title":"Administration of Maresin-1 ameliorates the physiopathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"19","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00834-4","article-title":"The role of platelets in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"23","author":"Scherlinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000081","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of aspirin and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, blinded, crossover study","volume":"34","author":"Shaygannejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-27","article-title":"Evidence of platelet activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Sheremata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010021","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidative stress, cAMP signalling and apoptosis: a crossroads in lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis, a possible role of nutraceutics","volume":"10","author":"Signorile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0087","article-title":"Effects of low-dose aspirin on serum uric acid among asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients with cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"106","author":"Silisay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-89","article-title":"Reduction of microglial activity in a model of multiple sclerosis by dipyridamole","volume":"10","author":"Sloka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058979","article-title":"Platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation","volume":"8","author":"Sotnikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096256","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate (copaxone) modulates platelet activation and inhibits thrombin-induced calcium influx: possible role of copaxone in targeting platelets during autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Starossom","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306847","article-title":"Platelets play differential role during the initiation and progression of autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"117","author":"Starossom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311427550","article-title":"Antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Szmyrka-Kaczmarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac307","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell recruitment and remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the more, the merrier","volume":"145","author":"Tepav\u010devi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0094","article-title":"Pro-resolving lipid mediator lipoxin A4 attenuates neuro-inflammation by modulating T cell responses and modifies the spinal cord lipidome","volume":"35","author":"Troletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0394-4","article-title":"Aspirin and multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Tsau","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158077","article-title":"The mTOR signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis; from animal models to human data","volume":"23","author":"Vakrakou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00760","article-title":"B and T cells driving multiple sclerosis: identity, mechanisms and potential triggers","volume":"11","author":"Van Langelaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology29030044","article-title":"Dysregulated sulfide metabolism in multiple sclerosis: serum and vascular endothelial inflammatory responses","volume":"29","author":"Veerareddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9915","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189915","article-title":"Platelet inhibition by low-dose acetylsalicylic acid reduces neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Vogelsang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02533841","article-title":"Incidence and severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and cerebral prostaglandin synthesis in essential fatty acid deficient and aspirin-treated rats","volume":"13","author":"Weston","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"issue":"10_supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.P7.245","article-title":"Aspirin is unlikely to have a clinically meaningful effect on multiple sclerosis-related fatigue: data from a randomized controlled trial (P7.245)","volume":"82","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000156803.23698.9A","article-title":"A randomized controlled crossover trial of aspirin for fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107281","article-title":"Associations between multiple sclerosis and in-hospital outcomes of patients with hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.06.016","article-title":"Acetylsalicylic acid enhances the anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine through inhibition of NF-\u03baB, p38-MAPK and ERK1\/2 activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglia cells","volume":"275","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahoor I, Nematullah M, Ahmed ME, Fatma M, Mir S, Ayasolla K, Cerghet M, Palaniyandi S, Mao-Draayer Y, Rattan R, Giri S (2023) Pro-resolution lipid mediator maresin-1 ameliorates inflammation, promotes neuroprotection, and prevents disease progression in experimental models of multiple sclerosis.bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.210.Supp.85.08"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08796-4","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators: emerging therapeutic candidates for multiple sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Zahoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00391","article-title":"Nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB)-mediated inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154463","article-title":"Mechanism of platelet activation and potential therapeutic effects of natural drugs","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00409","article-title":"Coagulation pathways in neurological diseases: multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Ziliotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000076","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid antibodies are associated with response to interferon-beta1a treatment in MS: results from a 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826009521?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826009521?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:37:38Z","timestamp":1793954258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826009521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S2211034826009521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Activated platelets in multiple sclerosis: Immunoinflammatory mechanisms and the therapeutic controversy of acetylsalicylic acid","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107917","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107917"}}