{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:45:43Z","timestamp":1792788343337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000261","name":"MS Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:18:14Z","timestamp":1790007494000},"page":"107932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mixed-amphetamine salts, extended release for cognitive impairment in persons with MS, a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Morrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Rosehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamala","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Everest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesly","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.13.4.546","article-title":"Depression in multiple sclerosis: relationship to working memory capacity","volume":"13","author":"Arnett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.3.381.13859","article-title":"Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach","volume":"16","author":"Benedict","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms861oa","article-title":"Screening for multiple sclerosis cognitive impairment using a self-administered 15-item questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Benedict","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.12.009","article-title":"Predicting quality of life in multiple sclerosis: accounting for physical disability, fatigue, cognition, mood disorder, personality, and behavior change","volume":"231","author":"Benedict","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060723","article-title":"Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS)","volume":"12","author":"Benedict","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514533229","article-title":"Characterizing cognitive function during relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Benedict","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0020","series-title":"Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - revised: Professional Manual","author":"Benedict","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.3.381.13859","article-title":"Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach","volume":"16","author":"Benedict","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1098oa","article-title":"Reliable screening for neuropsychological impairment in MS","volume":"10","author":"Benedict","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515616204","article-title":"Localized atrophy of the thalamus and slowed cognitive processing speed in MS patients","volume":"22","author":"Bergsland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770505068X","article-title":"Interpreting patient\/informant discrepancies of reported cognitive symptoms in MS","volume":"11","author":"Carone","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0039","article-title":"Effect of amphetamines on blood pressure","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0041","series-title":"Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research","author":"Chow","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0019","series-title":"California Verbal Learning Test: adult Version","author":"Delis","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800244000265","article-title":"The relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Demaree","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.08.020","article-title":"Mood disorders in multiple sclerosis and the effects on cognition","volume":"245","author":"Feinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071196","article-title":"Early cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Feuillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859900500410","article-title":"Recent developments in the assessment of quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859900500409","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis functional composite measure (MSFC): an integrated approach to MS clinical outcome assessment. National MS society clinical outcomes assessment task force","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S79","article-title":"Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale","volume":"18","author":"Fisk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458502ms839oa","article-title":"Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of different rating scales and correlation to clinical parameters","volume":"8","author":"Flachenecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241256540","article-title":"Cognitive progression independent of relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Fuchs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.237834","article-title":"Cognitive deterioration in patients with early multiple sclerosis: a 5-year study","volume":"83","author":"Glanz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1544-0","article-title":"Anxiety state affects information processing speed in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Goretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0012","article-title":"Single dose of methylphenidate improves cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis patients with impaired attention process","author":"Harel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509347150","article-title":"Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for use with multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Honarmand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10422","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"403","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318218107a","article-title":"Multicenter randomized clinical trial of donepezil for memory impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Krupp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.05.023","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the fatigue severity scale and the modified fatigue impact scale","volume":"331","author":"Learmonth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(95)00039-9","article-title":"Amphetamine enhances memory retention and facilitates norepinephrine release from the hippocampus in rats","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046850.56865.CB","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an extended-release formulation of Adderall","volume":"42","author":"McGough","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510378021","article-title":"Evaluation of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire (MSNQ) in natalizumab-treated MS patients over 48 weeks","volume":"16","author":"Morrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5074-x","article-title":"The effects of L-amphetamine sulfate on cognition in MS patients: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"256","author":"Morrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509106213","article-title":"Subjective fatigue is not associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis","volume":"15","author":"Morrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-5975-3","article-title":"Effects of acute relapses on neuropsychological status in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"258","author":"Morrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6663-7","article-title":"Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate improves processing speed and memory in cognitively impaired MS patients: a phase II study","volume":"260","author":"Morrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517723991","article-title":"On-road assessment of fitness-to-drive in persons with MS with cognitive impairment: a prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Morrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520973618","article-title":"Quantifying cognition and fatigue to enhance the sensitivity of the EDSS during relapses","volume":"27","author":"Morrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4051-6","article-title":"Effects of single dose mixed amphetamine salts - extended release on processing speed in multiple sclerosis: a double blind placebo controlled study","volume":"232","author":"Morrow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0040","article-title":"Adverse effects of stimulant interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a comprehensive systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Nanda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103273","article-title":"Methylphenidate may improve mental fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Natsheh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms871oa","article-title":"The use of quality of life measures in multiple sclerosis research","volume":"9","author":"Nortvedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0038","series-title":"Highlights of Prescribing Information","article-title":"Medication guide","author":"Pharmaceuticals","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200205","article-title":"Chronic active lesions and larger choroid plexus explain cognition and fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Preziosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.685","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction","volume":"41","author":"Rao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.8.1089","article-title":"The influence of cognitive impairment on driving performance in multiple sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Schultheis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0018","series-title":"Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Manual","author":"Smith","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0022","first-page":"99","article-title":"A survey of multiple sclerosis. Part 1: perceived cognitive problems and compensatory strategy use","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Rehab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0045","unstructured":"Sumowski, J.F. Recall enhancement through treatment with atomoxetine in MS (RETAIN-MS). 2020; NCT03091400:[."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf446","article-title":"Cognition in multiple sclerosis within the modern diagnostic and treatment era","volume":"149","author":"Sumowski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106589","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of lisdexamfetamine on fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"101","author":"Tavajohi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211049397","article-title":"Interpreting change on the symbol digit modalities test in people with relapsing multiple sclerosis using the reliable change methodology","volume":"28","author":"Weinstock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.300","article-title":"Effects of methylphenidate on working memory in pigeons","volume":"3","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826009673?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826009673?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:29:20Z","timestamp":1792787360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826009673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S2211034826009673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mixed-amphetamine salts, extended release for cognitive impairment in persons with MS, a randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107932","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107932"}}