{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T09:27:05Z","timestamp":1793957225200,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019721","name":"Roche Farma SA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:18:04Z","timestamp":1790007484000},"page":"107935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thinning as biomarkers of cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis: an 18-month prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Cohen","family":"L","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eizaguirre","family":"MB","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grippo","family":"T","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva","family":"B","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pita","family":"C","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casas","family":"M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1zaro","family":"L","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciufia","family":"N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinangeli","family":"A","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garcea","family":"O","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alonso","family":"R","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.08.019","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-related cognitive changes: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"245","author":"Amato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0002","article-title":"Association of retinal layer thickness with cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Baetge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060723","article-title":"Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in Multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS)","volume":"12","author":"Benedict","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00069-2","article-title":"Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease","volume":"206","author":"Bjartmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0005","article-title":"The RECONEM Study: cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, a national survey in Argentina","volume":"60","author":"C\u00e1ceres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.603690","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of cognitive impairment of multiple sclerosis patients in a Latin American country","volume":"33","author":"C\u00e1ceres","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231198760","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography versus other biomarkers: associations with physical and cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Cerd\u00e1-Fuertes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"9648","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0009","unstructured":"Coric D, Balk LJ, Verrijp M, et al. Atrophy of the RNFL and Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer is Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. ECTRIMS Online Library. 2015;116762."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.573","article-title":"Relationships between retinal axonal and neuronal measures and global CNS pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Crainiceanu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002774","article-title":"The APOSTEL recommendations for reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"86","author":"Cruz-Herranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001326","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography is associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Dreyer-Alster","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200416","article-title":"Retinal OCT longitudinal measures as prognostic biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"El Ayoubi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0041-4","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Filippi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859900500409","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis functional composite measure (MSFC): an integrated approach to multiple sclerosis clinical outcomes assessment","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.01.005","article-title":"Retinal and optic nerve degeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis followed up for 5 years","volume":"124","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.678735","article-title":"Cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis is related to the progression of retinal atrophy and presence of oligoclonal bands: a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"12","author":"Giedraitiene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000295995.46586.ae","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer is associated with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Gordon-Lipkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq080","article-title":"Ocular pathology in multiple sclerosis: retinal atrophy and inflammation irrespective of disease duration","volume":"133","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.106","article-title":"Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease","volume":"127","author":"Hajee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1578","article-title":"Association of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning with current and future cognitive decline","volume":"75","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2174\/187152712801661185","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography detection of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Lidster","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS. Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.06.006","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography","volume":"480","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0025","first-page":"50","article-title":"The relationship between retinal layer thickness and cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Moghadasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petzold A Optical Coherence Tomography in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Applications. Cham: Springer; 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20970-8"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30278-8","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Petzold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70168-X","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Petzold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000294876.49861.dc","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and disease subtype in multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Pulicken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24487","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography reflects brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a four-year study","volume":"78","author":"Saidha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0031","first-page":"117","article-title":"Association of cognitive deficits with optical coherence tomography changes in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"1","author":"Sedighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458506ms1258oa","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis using the brief repeatable battery-neuropsychology test","volume":"12","author":"Sepulcre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03165-3","article-title":"Imaging the optic nerve with optical coherence tomography","volume":"38","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823","article-title":"The OSCAR-IB consensus criteria for retinal OCT quality assessment","volume":"7","author":"Tewarie","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508090221","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy is associated with physical and cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Toledo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07664-9","article-title":"Early reduction of retinal thickness predicts physical and cognitive disability in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"45","author":"Toscano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0038","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n neuropsicol\u00f3gica en EM","volume":"12","author":"Vanotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Arg. Neuropsicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1184317","article-title":"Validation of the brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS) in Argentina","volume":"30","author":"Vanotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12070","article-title":"Loss of retinal nerve fibre layer axons indicates white but not grey matter damage in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826009703?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826009703?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:42:18Z","timestamp":1793954538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826009703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2211034826009703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thinning as biomarkers of cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis: an 18-month prospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107935","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107935"}}