{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T10:39:39Z","timestamp":1792492779478,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","msard-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:58:38Z","timestamp":1792079918000},"page":"107983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Examining intersections of biographies & biologies: Diversity & outcomes of people with multiple sclerosis in Canada (iBio2Div-MS) protocol"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth Ann","family":"Marrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-9879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaarina","family":"Kowalec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3405-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afolasade","family":"Fakolade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Fisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Donkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen J.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Wolfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0001","first-page":"e83","article-title":"Validity of self-reported height and weight for measuring prevalence of obesity","volume":"2","author":"Akhtar-Danesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0002","article-title":"Leveraging every door direct mail for remote recruitment of a rural Appalachian study sample: response rate and representativeness","volume":"32","author":"Al-Muhanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3416","article-title":"Health disparities, inequities, and social determinants of Health in Multiple sclerosis and related disorders in the US: a review","volume":"78","author":"Amezcua","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMa Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035919","article-title":"Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Amtmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0004","article-title":"People with multiple sclerosis report significantly worse symptoms and health related quality of life than the US general population as measured by PROMIS and NeuroQoL outcome measures","author":"Amtmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258858","article-title":"Increasing Black, Indigenous and People of Color participation in clinical trials through community engagement and recruitment goal establishment","volume":"16","author":"Andrasik","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8083287","article-title":"Perceived stress scale: reliability and validity study in Greece","volume":"8","author":"Andreou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6","article-title":"Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)","volume":"10","author":"Andresen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90188-0","article-title":"Pain prevalence, severity and impact in a clinic sample of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"58","author":"Archibald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(91)90094-R","article-title":"The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): psychometric properties in a non-psychiatric medical outpatients sample","volume":"12","author":"Arrindell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-024-00743-7","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) measurement system in neurorehabilitation populations: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Ataman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Patient. Rep. Outcomes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-001","article-title":"The reliability and validity of using clothing size as a proxy for waist circumference measurement in adults","volume":"36","author":"Battram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.03.016","article-title":"Brief and cost-effective tool for assessing verbal learning in multiple sclerosis: comparison of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to the California Verbal Learning Test - II (CVLT-II)","volume":"400","author":"Beier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30145-8","article-title":"Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Bellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw096","article-title":"The last two decades of life course epidemiology, and its relevance for research on ageing","volume":"45","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506073528","article-title":"Impact of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: the fatigue Impact scale for daily use (D-FIS)","volume":"13","author":"Benito-Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Standardized screening for health-related social needs in clinical settings: the accountable health communities screening tool","author":"Billioux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Acad. Med. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05849-7","article-title":"Promoting inclusion in clinical trials\u2014A rapid review of the literature and recommendations for action","volume":"22","author":"Bodicoat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.7.821","article-title":"Two brief alcohol-screening tests from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation in a female Veterans Affairs patient population","volume":"163","author":"Bradley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20007","article-title":"Systematic review of screening instruments for adults at risk of PTSD","volume":"18","author":"Brewin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-5001-5","article-title":"The Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium - a protocol for building a national environmental exposure data platform for integrated analyses of urban form and health","volume":"18","author":"Brook","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","article-title":"The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol use disorders Identification test","volume":"158","author":"Bush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221129963","article-title":"Low socioeconomic status was associated with a higher mortality risk in multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Calocer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.129","article-title":"Validation of the Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis quality of life instrument","volume":"47","author":"Cella","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00009","article-title":"Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper Respiratory illness","volume":"61","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000164374.32229.A2","article-title":"Effectiveness of the derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) in screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the US general population","volume":"29","author":"Dawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0031","series-title":"California Verbal Learning Test Second Edition Adult Version Manual","author":"Delis","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.08.009","article-title":"Assessing the reliability of retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences among adult HMO members attending a primary care clinic","volume":"28","author":"Dube","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.12981.1","article-title":"An examination of the effects of a patient-designed-and-informed participant information sheet in comparison with a standard, researcher-designed information sheet on recruitment, retention and understanding: protocol for a study-within-a-trial","volume":"3","author":"Dwyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"HRB Open. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnr027","article-title":"Recruitment and retention strategies for minority or poor clinical research participants: lessons from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study","volume":"51","author":"Ejiogu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198975","article-title":"The association of fatigue, pain, depression and anxiety with work and activity impairment in immune mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"13","author":"Enns","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111473","article-title":"A longitudinal study of distress symptoms and work impairment in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"174","author":"Enns","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104606","article-title":"Mapping two decades of multiple sclerosis rehabilitation trials: a systematic scoping review and call to action to advance the study of race and ethnicity in rehabilitation research","volume":"72","author":"Fakolade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/36.4.428","article-title":"The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire","volume":"36","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1985.tb01779.x","article-title":"Screening the elderly. A brief instrumental activities of daily living measure","volume":"33","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0040","series-title":"Multidimensional Functional Assessment of Older Adults","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231189670","article-title":"Participant diversity in clinical trials of rehabilitation interventions for people with multiple sclerosis: a scoping review","volume":"29","author":"Finlayson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015295106602","article-title":"Construction and validation of a fatigue impact scale for daily administration (D-FIS)","volume":"11","author":"Fisk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmq049","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder screening test performance in civilian primary care","volume":"27","author":"Freedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fam Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0044","article-title":"Resilience mediates the association between discrimination and psychological distress among rural, black women in South Carolina: a structural equation model","author":"Garrett","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Racial. Ethn. Health Disparities."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301706","article-title":"A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders","volume":"104","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.11.1107","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"61","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3146","article-title":"Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity","volume":"126","author":"Hager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/NUR.0000000000000020","article-title":"Retention strategies in longitudinal studies with emerging adults","volume":"28","author":"Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nurse Spec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1497","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007190","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and disability progression in multiple sclerosis: a multinational study","volume":"92","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0050","series-title":"National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), 1994-2018 [Public Use]","author":"Harris","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.2.251","article-title":"Disease Steps in multiple sclerosis: a simple approach to evaluate disease progression","volume":"45","author":"Hohol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000311013","article-title":"Validation of a self-report comorbidity questionnaire for Multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Horton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000521567","article-title":"Biosocial pathogenesis","volume":"91","author":"Horwitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"PsychOther Psychosom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0057","series-title":"CAMH Monitor 2011: Metadata User's Guide","author":"Ialomiteanu","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0058","first-page":"1","article-title":"The experience of assistive technology use amongst older adults with multiple sclerosis depends on their device and environment","author":"Jackson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil.: Assist. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0059","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reflections on developing and using PROGRESS-Plus","volume":"2","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equity Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602225","article-title":"Validity and reliability of SCREEN II (Seniors in the Community: risk evaluation for eating and nutrition, Version II)","volume":"59","author":"Keller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.09.127","article-title":"Resilience mediates the longitudinal relationships between social support and mental health outcomes in Multiple sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Koelmel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0062","series-title":"Test equating, Scaling and Linking","author":"Kolen","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000083039.56116.79","article-title":"Validation of the health-related productivity questionnaire diary (HRPQ-D) on a sample of patients with infectious mononucleosis: results from a phase 1 multicenter clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.12.1686","article-title":"Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Langer-Gould","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2020.30","article-title":"A REDCap-based model for electronic consent (eConsent): moving toward a more personalized consent","volume":"4","author":"Lawrence","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-012-0024-8","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the French versions of the Perceived Stress Scale","volume":"25","author":"Lesage","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJOMEH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506075031","article-title":"Validation of the NARCOMS Registry: diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Marrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0074","first-page":"55","article-title":"The rising prevalence and changing age distribution of multiple sclerosis in Manitoba","volume":"2","author":"Marrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Lit.: Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2466","article-title":"Preferred sources of health information in persons with multiple sclerosis: degree of trust and information sought","volume":"15","author":"Marrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0071","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in First Nations Canadians: a pilot comparison study","volume":"2","author":"Marrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler. - ETC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.12.007","article-title":"The validity and reliability of screening measures for depression and anxiety disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Marrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2021-102","article-title":"A systematic review of the validity and reliability of the patient-determined disease steps scale","volume":"25","author":"Marrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. MS. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad038","article-title":"Psychometric performance of fatigue scales in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Marrie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0069","article-title":"Characterizing the diversity of the multiple sclerosis population in Canada: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Marrie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000321176","article-title":"Telephone administration of the Mental Alternation Test: sensitivity to cognitive decline and practice effects across midlife and late life","volume":"35","author":"McComb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2010.509916","article-title":"Mental alternation test: administration mode, age, and practice effects","volume":"33","author":"McComb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199303000-00006","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs","volume":"31","author":"McHorney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1159\/000477771","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapies and adherence in multiple sclerosis: comparing patient self-report with pharmacy records","volume":"48","author":"McKay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1316","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005302","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity is associated with disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"McKay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105821","article-title":"Associations between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and biological aging: evidence from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"142","author":"Mian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-211230","article-title":"Coding the Everyday Discrimination Scale: implications for exposure assessment and associations with hypertension and depression among a cross section of mid-life African American women","volume":"73","author":"Michaels","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000280","article-title":"Validity of sitting time scores from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short Form in multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Motl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e3181c1fdd9","article-title":"Understanding recruitment and retention in neurological research","volume":"42","author":"Newberry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200010000-00006","article-title":"Performance of the SF-36, SF-12, and RAND-36 summary scales in a multiple sclerosis population","volume":"38","author":"Nortvedt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2015.0036","article-title":"Making the social determinants of health a routine part of medical care","volume":"26","author":"Nuruzzaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor. Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005","article-title":"Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health","volume":"67","author":"O'Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02447-7","article-title":"The Canadian prospective cohort study to understand progression in multiple sclerosis (CanProCo): rationale, aims, and study design","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241273045","article-title":"The Canadian Prospective Cohort Study to understand progression in multiple sclerosis: baseline characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e880","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013230","article-title":"Enrollment of Non-White participants and reporting of race and ethnicity in phase III trials of Multiple sclerosis DMTs: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Onuorah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review","volume":"135","author":"Pascoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.7.1086","article-title":"The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Patrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-131","article-title":"Perceptions and preferences regarding multiple sclerosis research among racial and ethnic groups","volume":"23","author":"Pimentel Maldonado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. MS. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1185\/135525703125002360","article-title":"The Primary Care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Prins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prim. Care Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0096","first-page":"221","article-title":"The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)","volume":"28","author":"Raina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging \/Rev. Can. Du Vieil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0095","article-title":"Cohort Profile: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)","volume":"48","author":"Raina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.02.016","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire in Crohn's disease","volume":"30","author":"Reilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0098","series-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory: A user's Manual","author":"Ritvo","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0099","series-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory: Technical supplement","author":"Ritvo","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.04.013","article-title":"Updated systematic review identifies substantial number of retention strategies: using more strategies retains more study participants","volume":"68","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000506161","article-title":"Risk of mortality in immigrants with multiple sclerosis in Ontario, Canada","volume":"54","author":"Rotstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234876","article-title":"Health service utilization in immigrants with multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Rotstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.009","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and symptom experience in multiple sclerosis: a buffer to disability progression over time?","volume":"94","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0104","series-title":"Symbol Digit Modalities Test","author":"Smith","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0105","series-title":"A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health","author":"Solar","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0108","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. General Social Survey. 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0109","series-title":"Census Questionnaire 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0110","article-title":"Immigrant Status","year":"2021","journal-title":"Focus Geogr. 2021 Census Popul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0111","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 Version 1.0. Government of Canada, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0112","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Population growth in Canada's rural areas, 2016 to 2021. 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000087","article-title":"RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH: how much does stress really matter?","volume":"8","author":"Sternthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Du Bois. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0115","series-title":"Measuring Functioning and Well-Being: The Medical Outcomes Study Approach","author":"Stewart","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198807000-00007","article-title":"The MOS Short-Form General Health Survey: reliability and validity in a patient population","volume":"26","author":"Stewart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0116","series-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary","author":"Strauus","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511416462","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of the childhood experiences of violence questionnaire short form","volume":"27","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0586-7","article-title":"Retention strategies in longitudinal cohort studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Teague","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC. Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.01.006","article-title":"An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials","volume":"152","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0120","article-title":"Body shape and pants size as surrogate measures of obesity among males in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Valli\u00e8res","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000054800","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Verdier-Taillefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr674oa","article-title":"Verbal fluency assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis: test\u2013retest and inter-observer reliability","volume":"17","author":"Vlaar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.003","article-title":"Measurement of victimization in adolescence: development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence questionnaire","volume":"32","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","article-title":"The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Washburn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.27467","article-title":"The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities: development and evaluation","volume":"83","author":"Washburn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13823","article-title":"High burden of neurological disease in the older general population: results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"26","author":"Wolfson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318218abf1","article-title":"Measuring time input loss among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: validity and reliability of the Valuation of lost productivity questionnaire","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826010187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211034826010187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1792490032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211034826010187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["S2211034826010187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-0348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-0348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examining intersections of biographies & biologies: Diversity & outcomes of people with multiple sclerosis in Canada (iBio2Div-MS) protocol","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2026.107983","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107983"}}