{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:59:24Z","timestamp":1791597564138,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001781","name":"Swinburne University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Materials Science and Engineering: C"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T07:32:12Z","timestamp":1488526332000},"page":"1401-1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A review of TiO2 NTs on Ti metal: Electrochemical synthesis, functionalization and potential use as bone implants"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Nasser K.","family":"Awad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosry S.","family":"Morsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0005","series-title":"Perspectives on Biomaterials: Proceedings of the 1985 International Symposium on Biomaterials, Taipei, Taiwan, February 25\u201327, 1985, Amsterdam","first-page":"121","article-title":"Bone response to grafts and implants","author":"Schenk","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(00)00241-4","article-title":"Biomedical applications of polymer composite materials: a review","volume":"61","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0015","series-title":"Biomaterials Engineering and Devices","author":"Wise","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0020","series-title":"Consensus and Definitions in Biomaterials, Advances in Biomaterials","author":"Williams","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0025","series-title":"Titanium in Medicine Material Science, Surface Science, Engineering, Biological Responses and Medical Applications","author":"Ratne","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0030","series-title":"Medizin technik mit Biokompatible n Werkstoffen und Verfahren","volume":"3","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants - a review","volume":"54","author":"Geetha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.005","article-title":"A review of the application of anodization for the fabrication of nanotubes on metal implant surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Minagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(98)80107-1","article-title":"Metals in medical applications","volume":"3","author":"Kohn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opinion Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00044-9","article-title":"Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties","volume":"24","author":"Kokubo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0151","article-title":"Biomaterials in orthopaedics","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.03.003","article-title":"A three-scale finite element investigation into the effects of tissue mineralisation and lamellar organisation in human cortical and trabecular bone","volume":"12","author":"Vaughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1996.070414.x","article-title":"A pilot study comparing screw-shaped implants, surface analysis and histologic evaluation of bone healing","volume":"7","author":"Lucchini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(03)00113-0","article-title":"Hydrogenated amorphous carbon formation with plasma-immersion ion plating","volume":"169","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199805)40:2<324::AID-JBM18>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Chemical modification of titanium surfaces for covalent attachment of biological molecules","volume":"24","author":"Nanci","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32088","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes on Ti: influence of nanoscale morphology on bone cell-materials interaction","volume":"90","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2013.34.6.1857","article-title":"Establishment of validation methods to test the biocompatibility of titanium dioxide","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.04.030","article-title":"Creation of hierarchical micro\/nano-porous TiO2 surface layer onto Ti implants for improved biocompatibility","volume":"251","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2007.08.004","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes: self-organized electrochemical formation, properties and applications","volume":"11","author":"Macak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opinion Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001374","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications","volume":"50","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CS60150A","article-title":"Electrochemical engineering of hollow nanoarchitectures: pulse\/step anodization (Si, Al, Ti) and their applications","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2014.1927","article-title":"Anodic growth and biomedical applications of TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"10","author":"Cipriano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200462459","article-title":"High-aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotubes by anodization of titanium","volume":"44","author":"Macak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2009.09.002","article-title":"Self-organized highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes in organic aqueous system","volume":"60","author":"Wan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2011.02.009","article-title":"Characterization of a calcium phosphate - TiO2 nanotube composite layer for biomedical applications","volume":"31","author":"Roguska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.3683","article-title":"The effect of annealing temperatures on surface properties, hydroxyapatite growth and cell behaviors of TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"43","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.534986","article-title":"Mechanics and electrostatics of the interactions between osteoblasts and titanium surface","volume":"14","author":"Kabaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30722","article-title":"Significantly accelerated osteoblast cell growth on aligned TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"78","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2009.01643.x","article-title":"In vitro behavior of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast with different annealing temperature titania nanotubes","volume":"16","author":"WQ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1039\/b908196h","article-title":"Size selective behavior of mesenchymal stem cells on ZrO2 and TiO2 nanotube arrays","volume":"1","author":"Bauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1021\/nl070678d","article-title":"Nanosize and vitality: TiO2 nanotube diameter directs cell fate","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801476","article-title":"TiO2 nanotube surfaces:15nm - an optimal length scale of surface topography for cell adhesion and differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30722","article-title":"Significantly accelerated osteoblast cell growth on aligned TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"78","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.02.005","article-title":"Anodically nanostructured titanium oxides for implant applications","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.05.008","article-title":"Improved bone-forming functionality on diameter-controlled TiO2 nanotube surface","volume":"5","author":"Brammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813200106","article-title":"Stem cell fate dictated solely by altered nanotube dimension","volume":"106","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.02.045","article-title":"Hybrid micro\/nano-topography of a TiO2 nanotube-coated commercial zirconia femoral knee implant promotes bone cell adhesion in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Frandsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0190","first-page":"743","article-title":"Biocompatibility of TiO2 nanotubes with different topographies","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.01.014","article-title":"Tantalum coating on TiO2 nanotubes induces superior rate of matrix mineralization and osteofunctionality in human osteoblasts","volume":"37","author":"Frandsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.02.004","article-title":"Enhanced cellular responses to titanium coating with hierarchical hybrid structure","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2011.07.016","article-title":"Zirconium oxide nanotube surface prompts increased osteoblast functionality and mineralization","volume":"31","author":"Frandsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045102","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/4\/045102","article-title":"Nanostructured tantala as a template for enhanced osseointegration","volume":"20","author":"Ruckh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.07.076","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of TiO2 nanotubes: influence of crystal phase, morphology and Ag deposition","volume":"284","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.152.1.7-13.1982","article-title":"Effect of silver ions on transport and retention of phosphate by Escherichia coli","volume":"152","author":"Schreurs","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0225","first-page":"127","article-title":"Pharmacology and toxicology of heavy metals: silver","volume":"1","author":"Peterwig","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33111","article-title":"Immobilization of Ag nanoparticles\/FGF-2 on a modified titanium implant surface and improved human gingival fibroblasts behavior","volume":"98A","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.04.040","article-title":"Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33038","article-title":"Tailoring of antibacterial Ag nanostructures on TiO2 nanotube layers by magnetron sputtering","volume":"102B","author":"Uhm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.005","article-title":"Antibacterial effects and biocompatibility of titanium surfaces with graded silver incorporation in titania nanotubes","volume":"35","author":"Mei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201200508","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Ag-loaded TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"2012","author":"Roguska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.01.058","article-title":"The effects of titania nanotubes with embedded silver oxide nanoparticles on bacteria and osteoblasts","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/11\/115101","article-title":"ZnO nanoparticle incorporated nanostructured metallic titanium for increased mesenchymal stem cell response and antibacterial activity","volume":"25","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2013.11.057","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of ZnO and Ag nanoparticle-loaded TiO2 nanotube composite layers intended for antibacterial coatings","volume":"553","author":"Roguska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2013.12.036","article-title":"In situ growth of self-organized Cu-containing nano-tubes and nano-pores on Ti90 \u2212 xCu10Alx (x=0, 45) alloys by one-pot anodization and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.11.003","article-title":"Nanoporous inorganic membranes or coatings for sustained drug delivery in implantable devices","volume":"62","author":"Gultepe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.04.035","article-title":"The effects of combined gentamicin\u2013hydroxyapatite coating for cementless joint prostheses on the reduction of infection rates in a rabbit infection prophylaxis model","volume":"27","author":"Alt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.10.033","article-title":"Titania nanotubes with adjustable dimensions for drug reservoir sites and enhanced cell adhesion","volume":"35","author":"Cal\u0131skan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201200012","article-title":"Polymer micelles for delayed release of therapeutics from drug-releasing surfaces with nanotubular structures","volume":"12","author":"AW","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0295","first-page":"201","article-title":"Recent advances in nanotubes for orthopaedic implants","volume":"1","author":"Ganguly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanotechnol. Smart Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.01.004","article-title":"Ultrasound enhanced release of therapeutics from drug-releasing implants based on titania nanotube arrays","volume":"443","author":"Aw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.02.111","article-title":"Mesoporous TiO2 implants for loading high dosage of antibacterial agent","volume":"303","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.12.66","article-title":"Local drug delivery in bone by drug releasing implants: perspectives of nano-engineered titania nanotubes","volume":"3","author":"Gulati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.07.089","article-title":"A review of the biomaterials technologies for infection-resistant surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Campoccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.01.026","article-title":"Metallic implant drug\/device combinations for controlled drug release in orthopaedic applications","volume":"179","author":"Lyndon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1039\/b919840g","article-title":"Controlled drug release from porous materials by plasma polymer deposition","volume":"46","author":"Simovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0330","first-page":"68","article-title":"Controlled release from porous platforms","volume":"35","author":"Simovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm04307a","article-title":"Polymeric micelles in porous and nanotubular implants as a new system for extended delivery of poorly soluble drugs","volume":"21","author":"Aw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0340","first-page":"477","article-title":"Controlling drug release from titania nanotube arrays using polymer nanocarriers and biopolymer coating","volume":"2","author":"Aw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0345","first-page":"811","article-title":"Platforms for controlled release of antibacterial agents facilitated by plasma polymerization","volume":"2010","author":"Vasilev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23580","article-title":"Sustained ibuprofen release using composite poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)\/titanium dioxide nanotubes from Ti implant surface","volume":"102","author":"Huiying","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1021\/nl9001052","article-title":"Long-term small molecule and protein elution from TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0360","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Inhibited bacterial biofilm formation and improved osteogenic activity on gentamicin-loaded titania nanotubes with various diameters","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-009-9307-2","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium surface with titania nanotube layer and its bond strength to substrate","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Porous. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.01.048","article-title":"Growth of nano-scale hydroxyapatite using chemically treated titanium oxide nanotubes","volume":"26","author":"Oh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0375","first-page":"534","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite growth on anodic TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"77","author":"Tsuchiy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.01.027","article-title":"Time-dependent growth of biomimetic apatite on anodic TiO2 nanotubes","volume":"53","author":"Kunze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-012-9588-8","article-title":"Enhancement of hydroxyapatite formation on anodic TiO2 nanotubular arrays via precalcification","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Porous. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34044","article-title":"Surface characterization of Ca-P\/Ag\/TiO2 nanotube composite layers on Ti intended for biomedical applications","volume":"100A","author":"Roguska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2006.09.008","article-title":"Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite onto nanotubular TiO2 for implant applications","volume":"201","author":"Kar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(08)60110-7","article-title":"HA coating on titanium with nanotubular anodized TiO2 intermediate layer via electrochemical deposition","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.09.131","article-title":"Electrodeposited hydroxyapatite coatings on the TiO2 nanotube in static magnetic field","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.02.148","article-title":"Bioactivity and osteogenic cell response of TiO2 nanotubes coupled with nanoscale calcium phosphate via ultrasonification-assisted electrochemical deposition","volume":"305","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.02.163","article-title":"Magnesium substituted hydroxyapatite coating on titanium with nanotubular TiO2 intermediate layer via electrochemical deposition","volume":"305","author":"Yajing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2010.08.020","article-title":"Surface characteristics of HA coated Ti-30Ta-xZr and Ti-30Nb- xZr alloys after nanotube formation","volume":"205","author":"Choe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.12.029","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Ag: hydroxyapatite thin films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition on Ti and Ti modified by TiO2 nanotubes substrates","volume":"293","author":"Erakovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ce00971g","article-title":"Hexagonal hydroxyapatite formation on TiO2 nanotubes under urea modulation","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2011.04.169","article-title":"Morphology of hydroxyapatite coated nanotube surface of Ti-35Nb-xHf alloys for implant materials","volume":"520","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.11.066","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite thin film coatings on nanotube formed Ti-35Nb-10Zr alloys after femtosecond laser texturing","volume":"217","author":"Jeong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0445","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of cyclic precalcification of nanotubular TiO2 layer on the bioactivity of titanium implant","volume":"2013","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.02.039","article-title":"Comparative cell behavior on carbon-coated TiO2 nanotube surfaces for osteoblasts vs. osteo-progenitor cells","volume":"7","author":"Brammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13045242","article-title":"Sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube\/titania coatings on titanium substrates","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.074","article-title":"Tailoring the surface functionalities of titania nanotube arrays","volume":"31","author":"Vasilev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22,233","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190412331279890","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2002.13.2.15","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins: basic concepts","volume":"13","author":"Rengachary","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2590","article-title":"Crystal structure of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 at 2.7A resolution","volume":"287","author":"Scheufler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.12.2130","article-title":"RGD peptides immobilized on a mechanically deformable surface promote osteoblast differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Cavalcanti-Adam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0485","first-page":"447","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes functionalized with regions of bone morphogenetic protein-2 increases osteoblast adhesion","volume":"84","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-4869-6","article-title":"Increased preosteoblast adhesion and osteogenic gene expression on TiO2 nanotubes modified with KRSR","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31201","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of anodic TiO2 nanotubes: an experimental study in the pig","volume":"89","author":"Wilmowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32463","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanotubes enhance bone bonding in vivo","volume":"92","author":"Bjursten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.06.023","article-title":"Effects of TiO2 nanotubes with different diameters on gene expression and osseointegration of implants in minipigs","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Materials Science and Engineering: C"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0928493116321907?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0928493116321907?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T12:43:28Z","timestamp":1760532208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0928493116321907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["S0928493116321907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-4931"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-4931","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A review of TiO2 NTs on Ti metal: Electrochemical synthesis, functionalization and potential use as bone implants","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Materials Science and Engineering: C","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.150","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}