{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:16:09Z","timestamp":1783430169706,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","mskscienceandpractice.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:49:47Z","timestamp":1781333387000},"page":"103600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Appropriate translational designs for determining causal force-based (manual therapy) treatment mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Chad","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Keter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Terry","family":"Loghmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Winkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Rossettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01984","article-title":"On the interpretation and use of mediation: multiple perspectives on mediation analysis","volume":"8","author":"Agler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6158","article-title":"Joint modeling of two longitudinal outcomes and competing risk data","volume":"33","author":"Andrinopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-024-00539-y","article-title":"Waste not, want not: call to action for spinal manipulative therapy researchers","volume":"32","author":"Aspinall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chiropr. Man. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.0302","article-title":"Neck pain: revision 2017","volume":"47","author":"Blanpied","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00291","article-title":"Identifying functional mechanisms in psychotherapy: a scoping systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib7","article-title":"Management of chronic pain using complementary and integrative medicine","volume":"357","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10289","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijosm.2025.100749","article-title":"Categorizing treatment mechanisms for complementary and integrative musculoskeletal interventions","volume":"55","author":"Cook","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteopath. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2023.2288495","article-title":"Profession-based manual therapy nomenclature: exploring history, limitations, and opportunities","volume":"32","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12293","article-title":"Using time-lagged panel data analysis to study mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research: methodological recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Falkenstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Counsell. Psychother. Res. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.3.477","article-title":"Structural equation modeling with longitudinal data: strategies for examining group differences and reciprocal relationships","volume":"62","author":"Farrell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2011.05.007","article-title":"What mediation analysis can (not) do","volume":"47","author":"Fiedler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CPG1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.0304","article-title":"Interventions for the management of acute and chronic low back pain: revision 2021","volume":"51","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889","article-title":"A critique of the cross-lagged panel model","volume":"20","author":"Hamaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761","article-title":"A general approach to causal mediation analysis","volume":"15","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2023.2262336","article-title":"An international consensus on gaps in mechanisms of forced-based manipulation research: findings from a nominal group technique","volume":"32","author":"Keter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319586","article-title":"The mechanisms of manual therapy: a living review of systematic, narrative, and scoping reviews","volume":"20","author":"Keter","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01377-9","article-title":"Joint latent class model: simulation study of model properties and application to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease","volume":"21","author":"Kyheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2022.2065278","article-title":"A comparison of different approaches for estimating cross-lagged effects from a causal inference perspective","volume":"29","author":"L\u00fcdtke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2024.12729","article-title":"Nonpharmacological spine pain management in clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review using AGREE II and AGREE-REX tools","volume":"55","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib21","series-title":"Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Little","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331606","article-title":"A model to guide force-based manipulation research and practice","volume":"20","author":"Loghmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib23","article-title":"Why the cross-lagged panel model is almost never the right choice","volume":"6","author":"Lucas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib26","unstructured":"Neural Mechanisms of Force-Based Manipulations: High Priority Research Networks. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Published February 2, 2023. Accessed October 18, 2025. https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/guide\/rfa-files\/RFA-AT-21-006.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101353","article-title":"Limitations of two time point data for understanding individual differences in longitudinal modeling\u2014what can difference reveal about change?","volume":"66","author":"Parsons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2022.04.007","article-title":"Mediation analysis in manual therapy research","volume":"22","author":"Paz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chiropract. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280212445839","article-title":"Joint latent class models for longitudinal and time-to-event data: a review","volume":"23","author":"Proust-Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2023.2290782","article-title":"The critical need, importance, and value of mechanistic force-based manipulations research","volume":"32","author":"Reed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2023.100431","article-title":"Mediators of the effects of exercise and manual therapy for people with knee and hip osteoarthritis: a secondary, exploratory analysis of the MOA trial","volume":"6","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open"}],"container-title":["Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468781226001165?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468781226001165?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:40:01Z","timestamp":1783428001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468781226001165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S2468781226001165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-7812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-7812","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Appropriate translational designs for determining causal force-based (manual therapy) treatment mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2026.103600","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103600"}}