{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:04:30Z","timestamp":1789329870526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017618","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DK132985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DK132985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017618","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AAI20052001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAI20052001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003896","name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003896","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of War","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-18-2-0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-18-2-0040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","mucosalimmunology.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mucosal Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:45:07Z","timestamp":1789055107000},"page":"100403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mucosal-associated invariant T cells respond to colonic microbiome alterations during acute HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Sinmanus","family":"Vimonpatranon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney K.","family":"Mika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina P.S.","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawthar","family":"Machmach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemia S.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sucheta","family":"Godbole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayada","family":"Sajjaweerawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Longtine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy R.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Laboune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisakorn","family":"Ratnaratorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwadee","family":"Phuang-Ngern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Sacdalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Ake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara L.","family":"Shacklett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan K.","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungsun","family":"Rerknimitr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nittaya","family":"Phanuphak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Douek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Paquin-Proulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9903","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease","volume":"382","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw683","article-title":"Persistent, albeit reduced, chronic inflammation in persons starting antiretroviral therapy in acute HIV infection","volume":"64","author":"Sereti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511","article-title":"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Brenchley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.06.004","article-title":"HIV and mucosal barrier interactions: consequences for transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Burgener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq118","article-title":"Plasma levels of soluble CD14 independently predict mortality in HIV infection","volume":"203","author":"Sandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"193","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006438","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with HIV disease progression and tryptophan catabolism","volume":"5","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004543","article-title":"Initiation of ART during early acute HIV infection preserves mucosal Th17 function and reverses HIV-related immune activation","volume":"10","author":"Schuetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"99","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn2362","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adn2362","article-title":"MAIT cell heterogeneity across paired human tissues reveals specialization of distinct regulatory and enhanced effector profiles","volume":"9","author":"Kammann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"issue":"96","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadi8954","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adi8954","article-title":"MAIT cells monitor intestinal dysbiosis and contribute to host protection during colitis","volume":"9","author":"El Morr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.05.006","article-title":"MAIT cells exacerbate colonic inflammation in a genetically diverse murine model of spontaneous colitis","volume":"18","author":"Loh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-023-03344-8","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells display both pathogenic and protective roles in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"55","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"7500","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13160","article-title":"T-cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways","volume":"509","author":"Corbett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343509","article-title":"CD161++ CD8+ T cells, including the MAIT cell subset, are specifically activated by IL-12+IL-18 in a TCR-independent manner","volume":"44","author":"Ussher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610750113","article-title":"Human mucosal-associated invariant T cells contribute to antiviral influenza immunity via IL-18-dependent activation","volume":"113","author":"Loh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11653","article-title":"MAIT cells are activated during human viral infections","volume":"7","author":"van Wilgenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006154","article-title":"MAIT cells are activated in acute dengue virus infection and after in vitro zika virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Paquin-Proulx","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50324","article-title":"Human MAIT cells respond to and suppress HIV-1","volume":"10","author":"Phetsouphanh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-436436","article-title":"Early and nonreversible decrease of CD161++ \/MAIT cells in HIV infection","volume":"121","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-07-445429","article-title":"Activation, exhaustion, and persistent decline of the antimicrobial MR1-restricted MAIT-cell population in chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"121","author":"Leeansyah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0100","article-title":"Gastrointestinal MAIT cells in chronic HIV-1 infection","author":"Ferre","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0105","first-page":"24","article-title":"Activation-induced pyroptosis contributes to the loss of MAIT cells in chronic HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13975-9","article-title":"Dynamic MAIT cell response with progressively enhanced innateness during acute HIV-1 infection","volume":"11","author":"Lal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705759114","article-title":"Multiple layers of heterogeneity and subset diversity in human MAIT cell responses to distinct microorganisms and to innate cytokines","volume":"114","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0020-9","article-title":"Modulation of bacterial metabolism by the microenvironment controls MAIT cell stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Schmaler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0072-x","article-title":"Tuning of human MAIT cell activation by commensal bacteria species and MR1-dependent T-cell presentation","volume":"11","author":"Tastan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.116","article-title":"An altered intestinal mucosal microbiome in HIV-1 infection is associated with mucosal and systemic immune activation and endotoxemia","volume":"7","author":"Dillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.08.006","article-title":"Alterations in the gut microbiota associated with HIV-1 infection","volume":"14","author":"Lozupone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-26","article-title":"HIV infection is associated with compositional and functional shifts in the rectal mucosal microbiota","volume":"1","author":"McHardy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v10i1.746","article-title":"Inflammation and microbial translocation correlate with reduced MAIT cells in people with HIV","volume":"10","author":"Ryu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033948","article-title":"Impact of multi-targeted antiretroviral treatment on gut T cell depletion and HIV reservoir seeding during acute HIV infection","volume":"7","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318183a96d","article-title":"Incidence and characterization of acute HIV-1 infection in a high-risk Thai population","volume":"49","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-303339","article-title":"Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells","volume":"117","author":"Dusseaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847759","article-title":"Tissue-resident MAIT cell populations in human oral mucosa exhibit an activated profile and produce IL-17","volume":"49","author":"Sobkowiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.30","article-title":"MAIT cells reside in the female genital mucosa and are biased towards IL-17 and IL-22 production in response to bacterial stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Gibbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01575-1","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of human MAIT cell transcriptional, functional and clonal diversity","volume":"24","author":"Garner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01371-3","article-title":"Profound phenotypic and epigenetic heterogeneity of the HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cell reservoir","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.985385","article-title":"IL7RA single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with the size and function of the MAIT cell population in treated HIV-1 infection","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0190","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition influences immunologic alterations in the blood and gut of HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men","volume":"16","author":"Neff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01972","article-title":"Association between impaired Valpha7.2+CD161++CD8+ (MAIT) and Valpha7.2+CD161-CD8+ T-cell populations and gut dysbiosis in chronically HIV- and\/or HCV-infected patients","volume":"10","author":"Merlini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa381","article-title":"Corrigendum to: impact of acute HIV infection and early antiretroviral therapy on the human gut microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Sortino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00398","article-title":"Challenge of humans with wild-type Salmonella enterica serovar typhi elicits changes in the activation and homing characteristics of mucosal-associated invariant T cells","volume":"8","author":"Salerno-Goncalves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf143","article-title":"The MAIT cell response to controlled oral enterotoxigenic E. Coli challenge","volume":"214","author":"Lal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324478","article-title":"Stimulatory MAIT cell antigens reach the circulation and are efficiently metabolised and presented by human liver cells","volume":"71","author":"Lett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Mucosal Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1933021926001054?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1933021926001054?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T19:42:23Z","timestamp":1789328543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1933021926001054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S1933021926001054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells respond to colonic microbiome alterations during acute HIV infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mucosal Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mucimm.2026.100403","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Society for Mucosal Immunology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100403"}}